Difference between revisions of "Timeline of robotics"

Latest revision as of 23:12, 25 June 2024

This is a timeline of robotics.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

Big picture

Time period	Development summary	More details
Before 1900	Pre-Industrial Stirrings	Early civilizations like Greece, Egypt, and Babylonia plant the seeds of robotics with myths of intelligent machines and the development of early automated devices like the water clock.
1900-1950	The Dawn of Industrial Robotics	Industrial robotics emerges as science fiction inspired real-world innovation. The term "robot" is coined during this period, setting the stage for the development of programmable machines and the first industrial robot arms. These inventions lay the foundation for automating repetitive tasks in manufacturing, marking a significant leap towards integrating machines into industrial processes. The era witnesses pioneering efforts in robotics, driven by technological advancements and a growing vision for machines that could perform tasks previously done by humans, heralding the dawn of industrial automation that would shape the future of manufacturing and beyond.
1960-1990	Computer Revolution and the Rise of Industrial Automation	The computer revolution marks a transformative period for industrial automation. With the advent of digital computing, robotics experience rapid technological advancements, making them more sophisticated and capable. This era sees the introduction of computer-controlled robots, which significantly enhance precision and efficiency in manufacturing processes. The automotive industry is one of the earliest adopters, using robots for tasks like welding and assembly. Artificial intelligence begins to be integrated into these systems, allowing robots to perform complex tasks with minimal human intervention. By the end of the 1990s, industrial robots become ubiquitous in factories worldwide, driving productivity and transforming manufacturing into a highly automated and efficient process.
1990-2010	Diversification and Innovation	Robotics expands beyond manufacturing into diverse sectors such as healthcare and service industries. Innovations include robotic-assisted surgeries like the Da Vinci Surgical System, enhancing precision and recovery times. The era also sees the rise of consumer robotics with products like the Roomba, revolutionizing household chores. Concurrently, research advances autonomous technology, laying the groundwork for self-driving cars. These developments showcases robots' versatility and potential across multiple domains, from enhancing medical procedures and customer service to reshaping everyday tasks and transportation, marking a significant era of diversification and innovation in robotics.
2010-Present	Age of Automation and AI	The advent of deep learning propells robotics into an age of unprecedented automation and artificial intelligence (AI). Collaborative robots, or cobots, emerge, working in tandem with humans across industries like healthcare, agriculture, and space exploration. Robotics' role expands significantly, contributing to advancements in precision medicine, sustainable farming practices, and extraterrestrial exploration. This era signifies a transformative shift towards a more automated and intelligent world, where robots not only augment human capabilities but also pave the way for enhanced efficiency, safety, and sustainability in various domains, promising a future driven by advanced automation and AI technologies.

Summary by Decade

Time period	Development summary	More details
1900s		The early 1900s see the birth of robotic ideas in both fiction (L. Frank Baum's "cyborgs" in Oz books) and reality (Leonardo Torres Quevedo's radio-controlled "Telekino" system), laying the groundwork for future robotic advancements.
1910s		Though the term "robotics" doesn't exist at this time, the concept simmeres. Complex, pre-programmed automata keep the idea of automated machines alive. Additionally, fantastical stories featuring mechanical beings in science fiction likely spark the imaginations of future robotics pioneers.
1920s		The 1920s see the birth of the term "robot" in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. Robots are depicted as artificial beings doing manual labor in the play. Westinghouse's Televox robot allows users to turn on and off devices remotely. Fritz Lang's film Metropolis features the "Maschinenmensch," a humanoid robot. Gakutensoku, a Japanese robot, can write and move its eyelids. Eric, another early robot, can move its hands and head with remote or voice control.
1930s		This decade witnesses the birth of industrial robots with Bill Taylor's Gargantua, a pick-and-place crane. Programmed with punched paper tape, it lays the groundwork for future industrial robots, even though it would never achieve commercial success itself.^[1]
1940s		Robotics takes its first steps. Isaac Asimov formulates the Three Laws of Robotics, while early autonomous robots like William Grey Walter's light-responsive machines emerge. Additionally, advancements in numerical control and teleoperators lay the groundwork for future, more complex machines. This decade lays the foundation for the robotics revolution to come.
1950s		Engineers create machines designed to perform challenging or hazardous repetitive tasks for both defense and consumer manufacturing, especially in the rapidly expanding automotive industry.^[2]
1960s		General Motors is one of the first manufacturers to make widespread use of robots and computers on the plant floor.^[3]
1970s		With the advent of microprocessors and microcomputing, robots advance further in the journey toward artificial intelligence.^[4]
1980s		By this decade, companies globally have invested billions of dollars in automating fundamental tasks within their assembly plants.^[5] Advances in industrial lasers, sensor technology, and machine vision systems emerge.^[6]
1990s		The deployment of automation systems declines in this decade. However, advancements in technology lead to a resurgence of robotics.^[5]
2000s		Consumer robotics launches. The introduction of the Roomba revolutionizes household chores by automating the task of vacuuming. This pioneering product marks a significant step in integrating robotics into daily life, demonstrating the practical benefits and potential of consumer robotics in everyday activities.
2010s		Collaborative robots (cobots) are introduced, enabling robots to work safely alongside humans.^[6]

Full timeline

Year	Month and date	Event type	Details	Country/location
3500 BC			The Greek myths of Hephaestus and Pygmalion introduce the concept of intelligent mechanisms, reflecting early human fascination with artificial beings and automation.^[7]
2500 BC			The Egyptians conceptualize the notion of "thinking machines" through their advice-giving oracles, which were statues concealing priests inside.^[7]
1500 BC			The Egyptian Water Clock, among the earliest methods of timekeeping, commonly employs bipedal humanoid figures to trigger the striking of hour bells automatically. Made of alabaster, it would be thought to have been used to mark the passage of nighttime hours. Water would slowly leak from the vessel through a small hole near the bottom, and the time is indicated by the water level, falling uniformly. The vessel's interior has twelve scales, each labeled with the name of a month, reflecting the custom of dividing daylight and darkness into twelve 'hours' that varied with the seasons.^[8] This device represents a basic application of hydraulic power, where the movement of water is harnessed to generate energy.^[9]	Egypt
800 BC			Automata, or self-operating machines, make their appearance in Homer's Iliad.^[7]
400 BC			Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum builds the first self-propelled flying device known as “The Pigeon” which is powered by steam and capable of short bursts of flight.^[9]
400 BC			Chinese engineer King-Shu Tse creates a mechanical bird and horse, showcasing early instances of automata in Chinese engineering history.^[7]
320 BC			Greek philosopher Aristotle states: If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord, could do the work that befits it... then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords.”"^[10]
300 BC			Aristotle contemplates the prospect of attaining complete human equality by replacing the prevalent institution of slavery with robots and machines.^[9]
278 BC–212 BC			Archimedes invents many mechanical systems that would be used in modern times robotics.^[11]
~270 BC			Ancient Greek engineer Ctesibus crafts organs and water clocks featuring movable figures. His clock operates on a straightforward principle: a reservoir equipped with a precise hole in the bottom, taking precisely 24 hours to empty its contents. The container is divided into 24 sections to mark the passing hours.^[11]
1206			Al-Jazari develops one of the earliest forms of programmable humanoid robots, an automaton featuring four musicians on a boat in a lake. This creation includes a programmable drum machine with pegs that activated percussion instruments. Al-Jazari's work with automatons extends beyond this creation, showcasing his innovative contributions to early robotics.^[12]
1495			Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci sketches plans for what could be considered the first humanoid robot. His design depicts a robot capable of sitting up, waving its arms, moving its head with a flexible neck, and opening and closing its jaw. However, it remains uncertain whether this design would be ever realized into a physical form. ^[10]^[11]^[9]^[12]	Italy
1533			German mathematician, astrologer and astronomer Johannes Müller von Königsberg creates an automaton eagle and fly crafted from iron. Remarkably, both of these automata are capable of flight.^[12]	Germany
1645			FFrench mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer Blaise Pascal invents the Pascaline, a calculating machine aimed at assisting his father with tax calculations. Approximately 50 Pascalines would be constructed, with a few of them later housed in museums like the Des Arts et Metiers Museum in Paris.^[11]	France
1666			English academic, diplomat, spy, inventor and mathematician Samuel Morland invents a pocket-sized version of the Pascaline, which operates "without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty."^[11]
1737			French inventor and artist Jacques de Vaucanson unveils his remarkable creation, "The Digesting Duck." This mechanical marvel can flap its wings, eat, and digest grain, showcasing over four hundred moving parts in each wing. Despite its fame, the original Duck would since vanish. Later, in 1745, Vaucanson would redirect his mechanical ingenuity towards practical innovations, pioneering the first working automatic weaving loom. His control system lays the foundation for modern programming methods like punch cards and tapes, marking a crucial step towards computerized machinery and robotics.^[11]^[12]^[13]	France
1770s			Swiss clockmaker Pierre Jacquet-Droz crafts a collection of intricate automatons, several of which remain operational today. Among his creations are a lifelike woman capable of simulated breathing while playing the harpsichord and a boy who meticulously writes with real ink sourced from a quill, demonstrating Jacquet-Droz's mastery of mechanical engineering and artistry.^[14]	Switzerland
1800			Jacques de Vaucanson devises three basic automatons: two capable of playing various musical instruments like the flute or trumpet, and a third designed as a duck capable of flapping its wings, mobility, and simulating eating.^[9]	France
1801			Joseph Marie Jacquard innovates upon Vaucanson's automated loom by introducing a machine that could be programmed to produce designs for printing onto fabric or paper. He achieves this by employing wooden blocks with punched holes to control needle patterns, significantly enhancing weaving efficiency and boosting production. The success of Jacquard's improved loom leads to widespread adoption, with over 10,000 units in France and later expansion into Great Britain following the Napoleonic wars.^[11]^[13]
1842			The Countess of Lovelace, Ada Byron, a celebrated English mathematician, writes the initial algorithm for the analytics engine. Although she would pass away before its completion, her work would stand as the earliest documented precursor to digital computers.^[9]	United Kingdom
1865			John Brainerd creates the Steam Man, purportedly used for pulling wheeled carts and other tasks.^[11]
1885			Frank Reade Jr. constructs the "Electric Man," essentially an electric version of John Brainerd's Steam Man.^[11]
1892			Mechatronics company Stäubli is founded.	Switzerland
1898			Nikola Tesla reveals a submersible operated via radio waves. When questioned if it was a remote-controlled torpedo, he clarifies it as a "mechanical man" designed to perform the laborious tasks of humanity.^[9]
1900			Lyman Frank Baum introduces one of the earliest depictions of a cybernetic human through the character of the Tin Man in his children’s book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.^[9]
1903			The first patents are awarded for the construction of a “printed wire,” which would come into use after World War II. The concept aims to replace bulky radio tubes with a more compact alternative.^[11]
1913			Henry Ford installs the world’s first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory, where a Model T can be assembled in just 93 minutes.^[10]
1917			Remote-controlled weapons and vehicles are first deployed, leveraging technology pioneered by Nikola Tesla.^[9]
1921			Czech writer Karel Čapek introduces the term 'robot' in his play "R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)," depicting machines resembling humans. The play explores a society enslaved by these robots, a theme echoed in later popular culture works like "Frankenstein," "Terminator," and "The Matrix." The term "robot" originated from the Czech word "robota," meaning work or labor. Čapek's play presents a scenario where robots created to replace humans eventually rebel against their creators, reflecting on the consequences of technological advancement and human dependency on machines.^[10]^[15]^[9]^[16]	Czechia (First Czechoslovak Republic)
1927			The science-fiction film "Metropolis" is released, featuring a robot double of a peasant girl named Maria. This robot character causes chaos in the city of Berlin in the year 2026, making it the first depiction of a robot on film. The portrayal of the robot Maria in "Metropolis" would serve as inspiration for the Art Deco look of the character C-3PO in the "Star Wars" franchise.^[15]^[9]	Germany
1929			Makoto Nishimura designs Gakutensoku, which translates to "learning from the laws of nature" in Japanese. It marks the first robot built in Japan. Gakutensoku possesses the ability to change its facial expression and move its head and hands through an air pressure mechanism.^[15]	Japan
1932			The first genuine robot toy emerges in Japan. Known as the 'Lilliput,' it is a wind-up toy capable of walking. Crafted from tinplate, it stands a mere 15cm tall.^[10]
1939			Westinghouse unveils ELEKTRO, a humanoid robot capable of walking, talking, and even smoking, at the 1939 World's Fair.^[11]
1941			Isaac Asimov, a science fiction writer, coined the term "robotics" to describe the field of robots and anticipated the emergence of a robust robot industry.^[11]
1941			The volume of references to 'robot' first surpasses that of references to 'automaton'.^[14]
1942			Isaac Asimov formulates the "Three Laws of Robotics," later adding a "zeroth law." These laws are as follows: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law."^[11]^[9] \|\|
1942			Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund design the first programmable mechanism, a paint-sprayer, for the DeVilbiss Company.^[11]	United States
1943			Neural networks are introduced.^[17]
1946			George Devol patents a general-purpose playback device for controlling machines through magnetic recordings.^[11]
1946			The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENAIC) is invented.^[9]
1947			The first transistor is developed as a result of an accident, during a Walter Houser Brattain's investigation into electron behavior on a semiconductor surface.^[11]	United States
1948			W. Grey Walter develops his initial robots, dubbed Elmer and Elsie or the turtle robots. Notably, these robots possess the ability to locate their charging station autonomously once their battery levels depleted.^[11]
1948			Norbert Wiener, a professor at M.I.T., releases "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal," a seminal work delineating the principles of communication and control across electronic, mechanical, and biological systems.^[18]
1950			Alan Turing suggests a test to ascertain a machine's capability for independent thought. This assessment, known as the 'Turing Test,' requires a machine to engage in conversation indistinguishable from that of a human to be deemed successful.^[10]
1950			George Devol is credited with inventing UNIMATE, the first autonomous industrial robot. UNIMATE was capable of performing tasks such as welding and die casting on assembly lines, particularly in the automotive industry.^[9]
1951			Raymond Goertz designs the inaugural tele-operated articulated arm for the Atomic Energy Commission. This achievement is widely recognized as a significant advancement in force feedback (haptic) technology.^[11]^[18]	France
1952			The initial numerically controlled (NC) machine is constructed.^[18]
1952			Autocode emerged as part of the pioneering efforts in computing, alongside the contributions of Corrado Böhm from the University of Rome.^[14]
1954			George Devol and Joe Engleberger collaborate to develop the initial programmable robotic arm, which later evolved into the first industrial robot. This innovative technology is employed by General Motors in 1962, enabling the automation of hazardous and monotonous tasks on assembly lines.^[10]^[12]
1954			During that period, a driverless electric cart, manufactured by Barrett Electronics Corporation, commences transporting loads within a grocery warehouse in South Carolina. These machines, known as AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), typically navigate by tracking signal-emitting wires embedded in concrete floors.^[19]
1956			Foster-Miller^[20]^[21]
1956			Alan Newell and Herbert Simon develop the Logic Theorist, marking the inception of the first "expert system." Its purpose is to assist in solving complex mathematical problems.^[18]
1956			Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy convene a conference in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, uniting prominent figures in robotics and machine research. The gathering introduces the term "artificial intelligence."^[18]	United States
1956			American inventor George Devol and Joseph Engelberger establish the inaugural robotic company in the world.^[18]
1957			The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth, marking the start of the space race. Sputnik I, measuring 22.8 inches in diameter and weighing 183.9 pounds, represents a milestone in human technological achievement, demonstrating our capability to design and deploy sophisticated automated systems beyond Earth's atmosphere. This development of satellites like Sputnik lays the foundation for further advancements in space robotics and exploration, contributing to the evolution of robotic systems used in space missions.^[10]^[11]
1957			German industrial robot manufacturer Reis Robotics is founded.^[22]
1957			The MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory showcases one of the earliest instances of applying computer assistance to manufacturing processes in a practical manner. This demonstrates an early example of integrating computer technology with manufacturing processes, which lays foundational groundwork for the development of robotics.^[18]
1958			The integrated circuit is first created.^[14]
1959			Researchers at MIT introduce computer-assisted manufacturing.^[9]	United States
1959			George Devol and Joseph Engelberger develop Unimate, the first industrial robot. With six axes of motion and computer control, it can lift heavy objects and perform various tasks. Unimate increases productivity, improves quality, and reduces costs by automating processes previously done by humans. Its success sparks innovation in robotics, leading to diverse applications beyond manufacturing.^[23]^[24]
1960			Unimation, the company founded by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger, is acquired by Condec Corporation. This acquisition marks the beginning of the development of Unimate Robot Systems, leading to further advancements in robotic technology and automation.^[18]
1960			American Machine and Foundry (AMF) Corporation introduces the Versatran, the first cylindrical robot, created by Harry Johnson and Veljko Milenkovic.^[18]	United States
1960			Remotely operated robotic arms "Handyman" and "Man-Mate" are developed by a General Electric research team headed by Ralph Mosher.^[2]^[25]	United States
Early 1960s			One of the earliest operational industrial robots in North America debuts in the early 1960s at a candy factory located in Kitchener, Ontario.^[11]	Canada
1961			The world's first industrial robot, Unimate, is installed on a General Motors production line in New Jersey. An invention of George Devol, it is purchased by GM, marking the first integration of a robot into the workforce. UNIMATE's introduction in the 1960s lays the foundation for the modern robotics industry, symbolizing a pivotal moment in automation history. Throughout the decade, significant advancements would be made in the power and functionality of robotic arms, contributing to the rapid development and expansion of robotics technology.^[9]^[26]	United States
1961			Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This pioneering creation represents a significant advancement in robotics, demonstrating early efforts to integrate computers and mechanical systems to mimic human hand movements and dexterity.^[18]
1961			General Motors installs installs the world’s first industrial robot used on a production line at its Ternstedt plant in Trenton, New Jersey.^[3]^[18]^[5]	United States
1962			American Machine and Foundry (AMF) introduces the Versatran, the first cylindrical robot. Six Versatran robots are installed at the Ford factory in Canton, USA. Named for its versatility in transferring tasks, the Versatran marks a significant milestone in industrial robotics, demonstrating the potential for automation in manufacturing processes.^[24]	United States
1962		Company	Unimation is founded. It is considered to be the world's first robotics company. Unimation would play a pivotal role in the development and popularization of industrial robotics, introducing the Unimate, one of the earliest industrial robots.^[27]	United States
1963			The Rancho Arm, a computer-controlled robotic arm, is invented to aid disabled patients at the California hospital Ranchos Los Amigos. Later acquired by Stanford University for research in robotics and prosthetics, it heralds a new era of human-centric robots known as "cobots." These collaborative robots are designed to work alongside humans, facilitating tasks and enhancing efficiency in various fields, particularly healthcare and rehabilitation.^[9]	United States
1964			The IBM 360 makes history as the first computer to be mass-produced. This groundbreaking development would revolutionize the computing industry by providing scalable and versatile computing solutions to a wide range of businesses and institutions.^[10]	United States
1964			Artificial intelligence research laboratories are established at several prominent institutions, including M.I.T., the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh. These laboratories would play a crucial role in advancing the field of artificial intelligence, fostering innovation, collaboration, and groundbreaking research in areas such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics.^[11]
1965			Carnegie Mellon University establishes the Robotics Institute, a pioneering research center dedicated to the advancement of robotics technology and its applications. This institution would be at the forefront of robotics research and education, contributing significantly to the development of autonomous systems, human-robot interaction, and robotics-based solutions for various industries and societal challenges.^[11]	United States
1965			The application of homogeneous transformations to robot kinematics lays the foundation for modern robotics theory. This development revolutionizes the understanding of robot motion and manipulation, providing a framework that would remain fundamental in the field of robotics. Homogeneous transformations enable precise mathematical representations of robot movements in three-dimensional space, facilitating advancements in robot design, control, and programming.^[18]
1965			DENDRAL becomes the pioneering expert system, designed to execute the accumulated knowledge of subject experts. This marks a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, as it is the first system to demonstrate the potential of leveraging expert knowledge to solve complex problems in specialized domains. DENDRAL's development lays the groundwork for future expert systems and represents a fundamental shift in how computers could be utilized to emulate human expertise and decision-making processes.^[18]
1966			Shakey the robot is created as the first general-purpose mobile robot to be able to reason about its own actions.^[15]^[28]	United States
1966			German American computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, an artificial intelligence program, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). ELIZA is designed to simulate conversation by using pattern matching and scripted responses, pioneering the development of natural language processing and human-computer interaction.^[18]	United States
1967			Japan imports the Versatran robot from American Machine and Foundry (AMF), marking the first instance of a robot being imported into Japan. This event signals the beginning of Japan's entry into the field of industrial robotics and lays the foundation for its subsequent leadership in the industry.^[18]	Japan, United States
1967			The first industrial robot in Europe, a Unimate, is installed at Metallverken in Uppsala Väsby, Sweden. This marks a significant milestone in the adoption of industrial automation technology in Europe, paving the way for further advancements in manufacturing and robotics across the continent.^[24]	Sweden
1968			The University of South Carolina sees the creation of the first computer-controlled walking machine by Mcgee and Frank. This innovative development represents a significant advancement in robotics, demonstrating the potential for computers to control locomotion in mechanical systems, paving the way for further research in robotics and autonomous mobility.^[11]	United States
1968			R. Mosher creates the first manually controlled walking truck, capable of walking at speeds of up to four miles per hour. This invention represents a significant achievement in robotics and mobility, showcasing early efforts to develop walking machines capable of traversing terrain with human-like agility and speed.^[11]
1968			The Stanford Research Institute (SRI) constructs "Shakey," a pioneering mobile robot featuring a vision system and controlled by a computer that occupied the size of a room. Shakey's development marks a significant milestone in robotics, demonstrating early capabilities in autonomous navigation and perception. Despite its rudimentary design by modern standards, Shakey would lay the groundwork for subsequent advancements in mobile robotics and artificial intelligence.^[11]	United States
1968			Marvin Minsky creates his Tentacle Arm, with 12 joints which can operate independently and are powered by hydraulics.^[9]^[29]
1968			Kawasaki acquires a license for hydraulic robot designs from Unimation and initiated production in Japan. This marks a significant development in the global robotics industry, as it facilitates the expansion of robot manufacturing capabilities in Japan. The collaboration between Kawasaki and Unimation would contribute to the proliferation of industrial robots worldwide, paving the way for further advancements in automation technology.^[18]	Japan
1968			American cognitive and computer scientist Marvin Minsky develops the octopus-like wall-mounted tentacle arm. This innovative creation represents a pioneering exploration into flexible and adaptable robotic manipulators. Inspired by the dexterity and versatility of an octopus tentacle, Minsky's design aims to push the boundaries of robotic manipulation and interaction, laying the groundwork for future developments in soft robotics and bio-inspired robotics.^[18]
1969			The United States successfully utilizes cutting-edge computing, robotic, and space technology to achieve the historic moon landing, culminating in Neil Armstrong becoming the first human to set foot on the lunar surface. This monumental achievement, accomplished as part of NASA's Apollo program, represents a pinnacle of human exploration and technological prowess, showcasing the remarkable capabilities of robotics and space technology in advancing scientific discovery and pushing the boundaries of human achievement.^[10]	United States
1969			American engineer Victor Scheinman invents the Stanford Arm, marking the first successful electrically-powered and computer-controlled robot arm. With six degrees of freedom, it boasts capabilities that surpass those of earlier robots, enabling it to perform tasks previously deemed impossible. This pioneering development would open possibilities for automation and manipulation in various industries and research fields.^[11]^[5]^[5]^[30]
1969			Ichiro Kato designs the WAP-1, the first biped robot. It utilizes airbags connected to the frame to mimic artificial muscles. Subsequently, the WAP-3 is developed, capable of walking on flat surfaces, climbing stairs or slopes, and executing turns while walking. These advancements mark significant progress in robotics, particularly in the development of bipedal locomotion and mobility, laying the groundwork for future innovations in humanoid robotics.^[11]
1969			Hitachi achieves a milestone by developing the world's first vision-based fully-automatic intelligent robot capable of assembling objects from plan drawings. This innovative robot utilizes direct visual images of assembly plan drawings to construct blocks, showcasing early advancements in computer vision and robotics. The development of this technology represents a significant leap forward in automation, demonstrating the potential for robots to interpret visual information and execute complex tasks autonomously.^[24]	Japan
1969			Unimate robots make their entry into the Japanese market through a licensing agreement between Unimation and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Kawasaki recognizes the significance of developing labor-saving machines and systems and aimed to pioneer the industrial robot field in Japan. As a result, Kawasaki successfully develops the Kawasaki-Unimate 2000, marking Japan's first-ever production of an industrial robot. This collaboration between Unimation and Kawasaki would play a crucial role in advancing robotics technology in Japan and would contribute to the country's emergence as a leader in the global robotics industry.^[24]	Japan
1969			Robot vision for mobile robot guidance is demonstrated at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). This milestone showcases early advancements in the field of computer vision, enabling robots to perceive and interpret visual information for navigation and guidance purposes. The demonstration at SRI marks a significant step forward in robotics, laying the groundwork for future developments in autonomous robotics and paving the way for applications such as robotic navigation in dynamic environments.^[24]	United States
1969			General Motors installs the first spot-welding robots at its Lordstown assembly plant. These Unimation robots significantly enhance productivity and enable over 90 percent of body welding operations to be automated. In contrast to traditional manual methods dominated by large jigs and fixtures, the introduction of robots reduce the reliance on manual labor for welding tasks, which are often dirty and hazardous. This adoption of robotic technology represents a transformative shift in automotive manufacturing, demonstrating the potential of automation to improve efficiency and safety in industrial settings.^[24]	United States
1970			Waseda University in Japan builds the first anthropomorphic robot, named WABOT-1. It features a limb-control system, a vision system, and a conversation system, marking a significant milestone in robotics by mimicking human-like characteristics such as movement, perception, and communication.^[15]^[31]	Japan
1970			The convergence of weapons and robotics continue with the development of terminal guidance, a radar-based robotics system designed to direct missiles and explosives in-flight before detonation. This technology significantly enhances the destructive potential of such weapons by enabling precise targeting and control, increasing their effectiveness on the battlefield. The development of terminal guidance marks a significant advancement in military robotics, highlighting the role of robotics in modern warfare and the ongoing evolution of weapon systems to incorporate advanced automation and technology.^[9]
1970			Stanford University produces the Stanford Cart. Designed to be a line follower, it can also be controlled from a computer via radio link.^[12]^[32]	United States
1970			Shakey, developed by the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, emerges as the first mobile robot controlled by artificial intelligence (AI). Equipped with various sensors, including TV cameras, a laser rangefinder, and bump sensors, Shakey can perceive its surroundings and navigate autonomously. This pioneering achievement marks a significant milestone in robotics, as Shakey is not only capable of mobility but also possessed reasoning abilities, allowing it to make decisions based on its sensor inputs. Shakey's development lays the foundation for future advancements in AI-powered robotics and autonomous navigation systems.^[18]^[30]	United States
1970			American professor Victor Scheinman of Stanford University designs the Standard Arm, a groundbreaking robotic arm whose kinematic configuration remains known as the Standard Arm to this day. Scheinman's design would revolutionize robotics, setting a standard for robotic arm architecture that continues to influence the field's development. The Standard Arm's legacy endures as a testament to Scheinman's pioneering contributions to robotics, shaping the way robotic arms are conceptualized and designed for various applications across industries.^[18]	United States
1971			The Soviet Union lands the first robotic exploration craft on Mars, marking a pioneering achievement in the field of robotics and space technology. Despite the brief transmission period of approximately 17 seconds before malfunctioning, the successful touchdown demonstrates the feasibility of using robotic spacecraft to explore celestial bodies beyond Earth.^[9]	Soviet Union
1971			The Japanese Robot Association (JIRA, later JARA) is established, marking the formation of the first national robot association. Initially known as the Industrial Robot Conversazione, it begins as a voluntary organization. The Conversazione is later reorganized into the Japan Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) in 1972, and officially incorporated as an association in 1973. This establishment plays a pivotal role in fostering collaboration and innovation within Japan's burgeoning robotics industry, facilitating advancements and promoting the adoption of robotic technologies across various sectors.^[24]	Japan
1972			Operation Linebacker demonstrates the effectiveness of laser-guided bombs during the final stages of the Vietnam War. These precision-guided munitions, equipped with laser guidance systems, enable accurate targeting of enemy positions, infrastructure, and military installations. Operation Linebacker showcased the strategic advantage of laser-guided bombs in modern warfare, illustrating their capability to minimize collateral damage while achieving precise strikes against enemy targets. This successful military operation underscored the growing importance of advanced guidance technologies in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of aerial bombing campaigns.^[9]
1972			Japan achieves a significant milestone in robotics with the completion of the WABOT project and the deployment of WABOT-1, the world's first life-size intelligent humanoid robot. WABOT-1 showcases remarkable capabilities, including the ability to walk unaided, grasp and transport objects using tactile sensors in its hands, and communicate in Japanese. Its sophisticated cranial sensory array incorporates ears, eyes, and a mouth, enabling advanced interaction with humans. This achievement highlights Japan's pioneering role in humanoid robotics and lays the foundation for future advancements in the field.^[33]^[9]	Japan
1972			Robot production lines are installed at FIAT in Italy and Nissan in Japan. These production lines are specifically dedicated to spot-welding robots, representing a significant advancement in industrial automation. By incorporating robotic technology into manufacturing processes, these companies aim to streamline production, increase efficiency, and improve the quality of their products. This adoption of robotics marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of manufacturing, highlighting the growing role of automation in enhancing productivity and driving innovation in industries worldwide.^[24]	Italy, Japan
1973			V.S. Gurfinkel, A. Shneider, E.V. Gurfinkel, and colleagues at the Department of Motion Control at the Russian Academy of Science create the first six-legged walking vehicle. This development demonstrates the feasibility of locomotion using a hexapod configuration. The six-legged walking vehicle paves the way for further research and innovation in legged robotics, offering new possibilities for traversing challenging terrain and performing tasks in various environments.^[11]
1973			Cincinnati Milacron Corporation introduces the T3, also known as "The Tomorrow Tool," marking the debut of the first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot. Designed by Richard Hohn, this robot offers precise control and versatility in industrial applications. The T3 robot would revolutionize manufacturing processes by streamlining production tasks and enhancing productivity.^[18]^[11]	United States
1973		Organization	Comau (COnsorzio MAcchine Utensili) is founded.^[34] It is a leading company in the industrial automation field, at a global level.^[35]	Italy
1973			The Artificial Intelligence department at the University of Edinburgh unveils Freddy II, which is capable of autonomously assembling objects from a disordered pile of parts. This demonstration highlights significant progress in artificial intelligence and robotics, showcasing Freddy II's ability to perceive and manipulate objects in complex environments.^[18]
1973			Hitachi in Japan introduces the automatic bolting robot, a pioneering industrial robot designed for the concrete pile and pole industry. It is the first of its kind to incorporate dynamic vision sensors, enabling it to identify bolts on a moving mold and adjust accordingly to fasten or loosen them in synchronization with the mold's motion. This innovation showcases the integration of dynamic vision systems for real-time object recognition and manipulation in industrial settings.^[24]	Japan
1973			German manufacturer KUKA transitions from utilizing Unimate robots to developing their own robotic systems. Their creation, the Famulus, marks a milestone as the first robot to feature six electromechanically driven axes. This advancement enables greater flexibility, precision, and versatility in industrial automation. The Famulus's innovative design paves the way for future developments in robotic manipulation and control, establishing KUKA as a leading provider of advanced robotic solutions.^[24]^[36]	Germany
1974			Intel unveils the 8080 microprocessor, marking a significant advancement in computing. This chip becomes a cornerstone in robotics development due to its enhanced processing power and efficiency. The Intel 8080 empowers engineers to create more sophisticated robotic systems by providing the computational capabilities needed for tasks like motion control, sensor data processing, and decision-making. The production of the Intel 8080 chips catalyzes the integration of computing technology into robotics, shaping the landscape of robotic advancements.^[11]	United States
1974			The robotic teacher Leachim is invented with the capability to synthesize human speech. Programmed with a course curriculum, Leachim is tested on a class of 4th graders in the Bronx, New York. This innovation represents a pioneering effort in the use of robotics for educational purposes, demonstrating the potential for technology to assist in teaching and learning.^[9]	United States
1974			Victor Scheinman founds his own company and introduces the Silver Arm, a pioneering robotic system equipped with touch sensors. This innovative technology allows the Silver Arm to assemble small parts with precision and accuracy, marking a significant advancement in industrial automation. With its tactile capabilities, the Silver Arm can manipulate objects delicately, facilitating assembly tasks that previously required human dexterity. The introduction of the Silver Arm lays the groundwork for future developments in robotic manipulation and control systems.^[12]
1974			The first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot, named the T3 (The Tomorrow Tool), is introduced to the market by Richard Hohn for Cincinnati Milacron Corporation. This pioneering robot is controlled by a minicomputer, offering enhanced precision and flexibility in manufacturing operations. The T3 introduces computerized control to industrial robotics, paving the way for further innovations in the field.^[24]
1974			Hitachi develops the first precision insertion control robot, known as the "HI-T-HAND Expert." This innovative robot features a flexible wrist mechanism and a force feedback control system, allowing it to insert mechanical parts with remarkable precision, achieving a clearance of about 10 microns. The HI-T-HAND Expert represents a significant advancement in precision assembly applications, where such accuracy is essential.^[24]	Japan
1974			The first fully electric, microprocessor-controlled industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA" "With anthropomorphic design, its arm movement mimicked that of a human arm, with a payload of 6kg and 5 axis. The S1 controller was the first to use a intel 8 bit microprocessor. The memory capacity was 16KB. The controller had 16 digital I/O and was programmed trough 16 keys and a four digit LED display. The first model, IRB 6, was developed in 1972-1973 on assignment by the ASEA CEO Curt Nicolin and was shown for the first time at the end of August 1973. It was acquired by Magnussons in Genarp to wax and polish stainless steel tubes bent at 90° angles."^[24]
1974			The first arc welding robots are deployed in Japan. Kawasaki expands on the Unimate design to produce an arc-welding robot used in fabricating motorcycle frames. Additionally, they develop touch and force-sensing capabilities in their Hi-T-Hand robot, allowing it to guide pins into holes at a rate of one second per pin. These advancements mark significant progress in industrial automation, showcasing the potential of robots to enhance manufacturing processes, particularly in sectors like automotive production.^[24]
1975			Victor Scheinman develops the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm (PUMA), which becomes widely utilized in industrial operations. PUMA represents a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering programmable and versatile capabilities that make it suitable for various tasks in manufacturing and beyond. Its introduction would contribute to the expansion of robotics applications across industries, demonstrating the potential for robots to streamline production processes and perform complex manipulations with precision and efficiency.^[11]
1975			The Olivetti "SIGMA," a Cartesian-coordinate robot, emerges as one of the pioneering robots employed in assembly applications. By employing Cartesian coordinates, the SIGMA robot demonstrates enhanced precision and flexibility, enabling it to perform various assembly tasks efficiently and accurately. Its introduction reflects the growing recognition of robotics as a valuable tool for improving productivity and quality control in industrial settings.^[24]
1975			The MITS ALTAIR emerges as the first kit computer based on the 8080 chip, arguably marking the inception of the personal computer era. This milestone democratizes computing by offering enthusiasts the opportunity to assemble and program their own machines. The ALTAIR's affordability and accessibility empower individuals to explore computing outside traditional institutional settings, laying the groundwork for the widespread adoption of personal computers. Its influence on the burgeoning computer industry paves the way for subsequent innovations, shaping the trajectory of technological advancement and transforming society's relationship with computing.^[11]
1975			Hitachi develops "Mr. AROS," the first sensor-based arc welding robot. Equipped with microprocessors and gap sensors, this robot can correct its arc welding path by detecting the precise location of workpieces. This innovation represents a significant advancement in welding technology, allowing for more accurate and efficient welding processes. The integration of sensors and microprocessors enable the robot to adapt to varying workpiece positions, improving welding quality and consistency. Overall, "Mr. AROS" marks a milestone in the development of robotic welding systems, laying the foundation for future advancements in industrial automation.^[24]
1975			Swedish–Swiss multinational corporation ABB develops an industrial robot known as the IRB60, capable of handling payloads of up to 60 kg. This innovation addressed the automotive industry's need for robots with greater payload capacity and flexibility. The IRB60 is initially deployed at Saab in Sweden for welding car bodies, showcasing its capability to efficiently perform heavy-duty tasks in industrial settings. ABB's development of the IRB60 represents a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering manufacturers enhanced productivity and versatility in their production processes, particularly in sectors like automotive manufacturing where heavy lifting and precision welding are essential.^[37]	Sweden, Switzerland
1976			Japanese engineer Shigeo Hirose designs the Soft Gripper, which can wrap around objects in a snake-like fashion. This innovative gripper design represents a departure from traditional rigid grippers, offering greater flexibility and adaptability in grasping various objects. The Soft Gripper's ability to conform to the shape of different objects make it well-suited for handling delicate or irregularly shaped items, expanding the range of tasks that robots could perform effectively. Hirose's invention marks a significant advancement in robotic manipulation technology, paving the way for the development of more versatile and dexterous robotic grippers in the future.^[12]	Japan
1976			Robotic arms are used on the Viking program space probes. Vicarm Inc. incorporates a microcomputer into the Vicarm design.^[18]	United States
1977			Dr. Devjanin, Dr. Grufinkelt, Dr. Lensky, Dr. Schneider, and their colleagues at the Russian Academy of Science create the Variante Masha, a six-legged walking machine. This innovative robot marks an important development in robotics, showcasing advancements in locomotion technology. With its six legs, the Variante Masha demonstrates enhanced stability and maneuverability, making it suitable for navigating challenging terrains and environments. The creation of this walking machine would contribute to the ongoing exploration of robotic locomotion principles and lay the foundation for future advancements in legged robot design and mobility.^[11]	Russia (Soviet Union)
1977			ASEA, a European robot company, introduces two sizes of electric-powered industrial robots. These robots utilize a microcomputer controller for programming and operation, representing a significant advancement in automation technology. The incorporation of electric power and microcomputer control enhances the robots' precision, flexibility, and efficiency in industrial applications. ASEA's offering reflects the growing demand for advanced robotic solutions in manufacturing and signals a shift towards more sophisticated automation systems capable of meeting diverse production requirements.^[18]
1977			Hitachi develops an assembly cell to assemble vacuum cleaners with 8 TV cameras and two robot arms.^[24]	Japan
1978			Shigeo Hirose develops the ACMVI (Oblix) robot, notable for its snake-like abilities. This innovative design paves the way for the MOGURA robot arm, which would find applications in various industries. Hirose's creation demonstrates the potential for robots with flexible, adaptable structures inspired by natural movements. The MOGURA robot arm's versatility and dexterity makes it suitable for tasks requiring intricate manipulations, further advancing the capabilities of industrial automation systems. This development highlights the importance of biomimicry in robotics and its impact on expanding the range of tasks that robots could perform effectively.^[11]	Japan
1978			The Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm (SCARA) is developed. This 4-axis robot arm is specifically designed for tasks such as picking up parts and relocating them, offering precision and efficiency. Introduced to assembly lines in 1981, the SCARA robot would revolutionize manufacturing processes by streamlining repetitive tasks and enhancing productivity. Its ability to manipulate objects with accuracy and speed makes it a valuable addition to industrial automation, contributing to the optimization of assembly operations across various industries.^[12]
1978			Unimation leverages technology from Vicarm to develop the Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly (PUMA). This versatile robot, known as PUMA, would remain a fixture in numerous research laboratories to this day. Its adaptability and programmable nature makes it suitable for various assembly tasks, contributing to its enduring presence in research and development environments. The PUMA's continued utilization underscores its reliability and effectiveness in facilitating assembly processes, serving as a valuable tool for innovation and experimentation in robotics research.^[18]
1979			The Stanford Cart achieved a significant milestone by autonomously crossing a room filled with chairs, facilitated by a TV camera mounted on a rail. This camera captured images from various angles, transmitting them to a computer for analysis of distances between the cart and obstacles. Hans Moravec's enhancements to the Stanford Cart's vision system in 1979 enabled greater autonomy and marked early experiments in 3D environment mapping.^[12]
1979			The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University is founded^[18] with the purpose to conduct basic and applied research in robotics technologies relevant to industrial and societal tasks.^[38]
1979			Nachi develops the first motor-driven robots. This technological advancement marks a significant shift in the robotics industry, enabling robots to perform tasks with greater precision, speed, and reliability. Motor-driven robots offer improved efficiency and versatility, opening up new possibilities for automation in various industries.	Japan
1979			German industrial robot manufacturer Reis Robotics in Obernburg develops the RE 15, the first six-axis robot with its own control system. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotic technology, offering enhanced precision and versatility in automated processes.^[24]	Germany
1980			Ichiro Kato at Waseda University develops WL-9DR, which achieves quasi-dynamic walking using a microcomputer as the controller. This robot can take one step every 10 seconds, marking a significant advancement in walking technology.^[11]
1981			A milestone occurs in the field of robotics with the first use of machine vision. At the University of Rhode Island, researchers demonstrate a bin-picking robotics system capable of selecting parts from a bin regardless of their orientation or position. This breakthrough showcases the potential of machine vision to enable robots to perceive and interact with their environment, paving the way for advancements in automation and robotics technology.^[24]	United States
1981			Shigeo Hirose develops Titan II, a quadrupedal robot capable of climbing stairs. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotics, showcasing the ability of robots to navigate complex environments with uneven terrain. While the picture provided is of Titan III, which is a successor to Titan II, both robots share similar capabilities and represent Hirose's pioneering work in the field of legged robotics. The development of Titan II lays the foundation for further research and advancements in quadrupedal locomotion, contributing to the ongoing evolution of robotic mobility and versatility.^[11]
1981			Takeo Kanade invents the first "direct drive arm," an industrial robotic arm that integrates the robotic "brain" with the mechanical manipulators into one machine. This design features motors installed directly into the joints, significantly enhancing the arm's speed and accuracy compared to previous models.^[9]^[12]	Japan
1981			The first industrial robot with vision capabilities is implemented at a General Motors factory. The system, called Consight, enables robots to use visual sensors to pick out and sort auto parts moving on a conveyor belt.^[24]^[26]	United States
1982			Cognex introduces its first vision system, DataMan, which is an optical character recognition (OCR) system. DataMan is specifically designed to read, verify, and assure the quality of letters. This marks a significant development in machine vision technology, as it enables automated reading and verification of printed characters, streamlining tasks such as document processing, quality control, and barcode scanning. The introduction of DataMan lays the foundation for Cognex's subsequent innovations in machine vision systems and their widespread application across various industries.
1982			IBM develops AML (A Manufacturing Language), a powerful and user-friendly programming language specifically designed for robotic applications. This innovation enables manufacturing engineers to quickly and easily create application programs using an IBM Personal Computer, enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of robotics programming.^[24]
1983			Westinghouse releases a research report on APAS (Adaptable-Programming Assembly Systems), a pioneering project aimed at integrating robots into flexible automated assembly lines. APAS introduces innovative techniques, including the utilization of machine vision for tasks such as positioning, orienting, and inspecting component parts. This approach marks a significant advancement in manufacturing automation, enabling greater adaptability and efficiency in assembly processes. By incorporating machine vision technology, APAS demonstrates the potential to enhance the accuracy and versatility of robotic systems within industrial environments, laying the foundation for further developments in automated assembly systems.^[24]
1984			Adept introduces the AdeptOne, the first direct-drive SCARA robot. This innovative robot marks a significant advancement in robotics technology, offering improved precision, speed, and reliability in industrial automation tasks. The direct-drive mechanism of the AdeptOne allows for smoother and more accurate movements, enhancing its performance in assembly and manufacturing processes.^[24]	United States
1984			Advancements in robotics see the development of more manageable form factors and refined software, facilitated by the introduction of robust programming languages like Robot Basic. These improvements make it easier to program and control robots, enhancing their versatility and usability across various applications. With the introduction of Robot Basic, programmers gain a more efficient toolset for developing sophisticated robotic functionalities, contributing to the evolution of robotics technology and its broader adoption in industrial and commercial settings.^[4]
1984			The development of WABOT-2 marks a significant advancement in robotics. This humanoid robot, equipped with precise motor and sensory control, demonstrates remarkable capabilities by playing the organ with such proficiency that it can even accompany a human musician. WABOT-2's ability to interpret and respond to musical cues showcases the progress made in robotics technology, particularly in terms of dexterity and coordination, opening new possibilities for human-robot interaction and collaboration in various domains.^[9]
1984			The IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (IEEE RAS) is established. This society, part of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), focuses on advancing innovation, education, and fundamental and applied research in robotics and automation. It serves as a professional community for researchers, engineers, and practitioners, promoting the development and exchange of knowledge and technology in the field.^[39]
1984			Swedish company ABB produces the IRB 1000, which is recognized as the fastest assembly robot at that time. This development showcases ABB's advancements in robotic speed and efficiency for industrial applications.^[24]	Sweden
1985			General Robotics Corp. creates the RB5X, a programmable robot equipped with infrared sensors, remote audio/video transmission, bump sensors, and a voice synthesizer. It features software that allowed it to learn about its environment, marking a significant step forward in robotic capabilities and interaction.^[11]
1985			Hitachi Ltd. develops the Waseda Hitachi Leg-11 (WHL-11), a biped robot capable of static walking on flat surfaces. Notably, it can execute turns and take a step approximately every 13 seconds. This marks a significant advancement in bipedal robotics, showcasing progress towards achieving stable locomotion in robots. The WHL-11's ability to perform static walking on even terrain represents a significant milestone in robotics research, demonstrating progress towards developing robots capable of navigating real-world environments with greater efficiency and stability.^[11]	Japan
1985			Collie1, a four-legged walking machine with three degrees of freedom per leg, is developed by H. Miura at the University of Tokyo.^[11]	Japan
1985			The Melwalk3 is created as a six-legged walking machine, at Namiki Tsukuba Science City. This innovation represents a milestone in robotics, showcasing advancements in locomotion and mobility. The Melwalk3 demonstrates the potential for robots to navigate challenging terrain and environments using multiple legs, mimicking the movement patterns of certain insects and animals. This achievement contributes to the ongoing evolution of robotics, paving the way for future research and applications in fields such as exploration, search and rescue, and industrial automation.^[11]	Japan
1985		Robot-assisted surgery	The Arthrobot is utilized for the first time in Vancouver, marking the advent of robots playing a role in surgical procedures. The Arthrobot introduces new possibilities for enhancing surgical precision and capabilities through robotic assistance, laying the groundwork for the future integration of robotics into various surgical disciplines. This achievement represents a breakthrough in medical technology, opening doors to safer, more efficient surgical interventions and shaping the trajectory of robotic surgery advancements in the years to come.^[40]	Canada
1985		Robot-assisted surgery	A robot, the Unimation Puma 200, is used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure.^[41]
1985			KUKA introduces a revolutionary Z-shaped robot arm that departs from the traditional parallelogram design. This new arm achieves total flexibility by incorporating three translational and three rotational movements, providing it with six degrees of freedom. This innovation allows for greater versatility and precision in various industrial applications, further advancing the field of robotics.^[36]	Germany
1986			LEGO and the MIT Media Lab collaborate to introduce the first LEGO-based educational products to the market. These products, known as LEGO tc Logo, are widely adopted by elementary school teachers, offering a hands-on approach to learning programming concepts through play with LEGO bricks. This initiative makes coding and technology education accessible and engaging for students.
1986	October		Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics is established in Bangalore, with research focus in the areas of artificial intelligence, robotics, and control systems.^[42]	India
1986			Honda initiates a robot research program grounded on the principle that robots should coexist and cooperate with humans, aiming to perform tasks beyond human capabilities and enhance mobility to benefit society.^[18]
1988			The first HelpMate service robot begins operating at Danbury Hospital in Connecticut.^[11] This event introduces a new era in healthcare assistance, as HelpMate becomes one of the first service robots to operate in a hospital setting. Designed to aid with various tasks such as delivering supplies and navigating hospital corridors, HelpMate represents a significant advancement in robotics technology applied to healthcare, promising increased efficiency and support for medical staff.	United States
1989			The Robotics Laboratory at the Ministry of Transport in Japan creates Aquarobot, an aquatic walking robot developed for underwater inspection works related to port construction. This six-legged articulated machine, resembling an insect, aims to replace divers in assessing underwater structures. Equipped with a TV camera and ultrasonic ranging device, it can measure the flatness of rock foundations and observe underwater structures up to 50 meters deep. Controlled by a microcomputer, the robot demonstrates sufficient performance during field tests, walking at speeds of 6.5m/min on flat surfaces and 1.4m/min on irregular seabeds. Its development marks a significant advancement in underwater robotics, enhancing efficiency and safety in port construction activities.^[11]^[43]	Japan
1989			Kato Corporation developed the WL12RIII, the first biped walking robot capable of walking on terrain stabilized by trunk motion. It could navigate stairs and take a step approximately every 0.64 seconds.^[11]
1989			Rodney Brooks develops Ghengis, a hexapedal robot designed to navigate challenging terrain. Inspired by the physical abilities of insects, Ghengis exhibits remarkable mobility despite limited intelligence. Noteworthy for its cost-effective construction and rapid development, Ghengis sets a trend towards incremental progress in robotics, emphasizing practicality over complex programming. Brooks' creation demonstrates the effectiveness of simple, adaptable designs in overcoming obstacles, shaping future approaches to robotic development. Ghengis remains a significant milestone in robotics, highlighting the potential of bio-inspired engineering for creating agile and versatile machines.^[9]^[18]
1989			Yaskawa Electric Corporation makes a significant move in the realm of industrial robotics by establishing Yaskawa Motoman. Yaskawa Electric Corporation, a prominent Japanese company with a history dating back to 1915, is a key player in automation solutions. With the inception of Yaskawa Motoman, they introduce a brand dedicated to industrial robots, encompassing robotic arms, part positioners, and controllers. Yaskawa Motoman swiftly emerges as a frontrunner in industrial robotics, boasting millions of installations worldwide and providing solutions across diverse applications such as welding, assembly, and material handling.^[44]	Japan
1989			Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn publish a groundbreaking paper titled "Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System" in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. This paper revolutionizes rover research by shifting the focus from building one large and expensive robot to creating numerous small and affordable ones. It also makes the concept of building robots more accessible to the general public. As a result, academic efforts begin to concentrate on developing small, intelligent, and practical robots, marking a significant shift in robotics research towards more scalable and versatile solutions.^[18]^[15]^[11]
1992		Robot-assisted surgery	The ROBODOC is introduced. It would revolutionize orthopedic surgery by being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries.^[45]
1992			Wittmann, Austria introduces the CAN-Bus control system for robots. This innovation facilitates communication and control within robotic systems, enhancing their efficiency and functionality. The CAN-Bus technology allows for seamless integration and coordination of robot operations, contributing to advancements in automation across various industries.^[24]
1992			ABB introduces an open control system known as S4. This system marks a significant advancement in industrial automation technology, offering greater flexibility and compatibility for various manufacturing processes. By providing an open architecture, the S4 control system enables easier integration with other equipment and systems, enhancing efficiency and productivity in industrial settings. ABB's S4 system contributed to the evolution of automation solutions, empowering industries to optimize their operations and adapt to changing demands more effectively.^[24]	Sweden
1993			Dante, an 8-legged walking robot developed at Carnegie Mellon University, embarks on an exploration mission to Mt. Erebus in Antarctica. Unfortunately, the mission is unsuccessful due to the robot's tether breaking. However, Dante II, a more robust version, later explores Mt. Spurr in Alaska in 2004, demonstrating advancements in robotic capabilities and resilience.^[11]
1993			Carnegie Mellon University develops an eight-legged robot named Dante with the purpose of collecting data from harsh environments resembling those found on other planets. Unfortunately, Dante's mission encounters a setback when it failed to collect gases due to a broken fiber optic cable. However, in 1994, Dante II, a more robust version of its predecessor, would successfully descended into the crater of the Alaskan volcano Mount Spurr and complete its mission.^[12]	United States
1993		Competition	BEST Robotics^[46]
1993		Competition	The Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) is held, providing a platform for showcasing advancements in autonomous vehicle technology. This competition challenges participants to design and build unmanned ground vehicles capable of navigating through various terrains and completing specified tasks autonomously. The IGVC would play a role in fostering innovation and collaboration among researchers, engineers, and students interested in robotics and autonomous systems.^[47]
1993			Japanese multinational electronics company Seiko Epson develops Monsieur, a micro robot recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's smallest at the time. Monsieur represents a significant milestone in the field of robotics, showcasing the potential for creating incredibly small yet functional robots. This accomplishment opens up new possibilities for the application of micro robots in various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and entertainment.^[18]	Japan
1994		Robot-assisted surgery	AESOP is introduced as the first laparoscopic camera holder to be approved by the FDA.^[48]	United States
1994			Carnegie Mellon University's eight-legged walking robot, Dante II, achieves a significant milestone by successfully descending into the crater of Mount Spurr. This volcanic expedition aims to collect samples of volcanic gas for scientific analysis. The success of Dante II's mission demonstrates the potential of robotics in exploring hazardous and challenging environments, such as active volcanoes, where human access is limited or dangerous. This achievement marks a crucial advancement in robotic exploration and highlights the importance of innovative technologies in scientific research and exploration of extreme terrains.^[10]	United States
1994			Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn publish a groundbreaking paper titled Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the Solar System in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. This paper revolutionized rover research by shifting the focus from building one large and expensive robot to creating numerous small and affordable ones. It also made the concept of building robots more accessible to the general public. As a result, academic efforts began to concentrate on developing small, intelligent, and practical robots, marking a significant shift in robotics research towards more scalable and versatile solutions.^[9]
1994			Motoman introduces the first robot control system (MRC), enabling synchronized control of two robots. This innovation marked a significant advancement in robotic technology, enhancing the capability to coordinate and manage multiple robots simultaneously for increased efficiency and productivity in various industrial applications.^[24]
1996			David Barrett, a doctoral student at MIT, develops RoboTuna, a biomimetic robot designed to study the swimming behavior of fish, particularly resembling a bluefin tuna. This innovative robot is created as part of Barrett's doctoral thesis, aiming to understand the intricacies of fish locomotion. RoboTuna's design allows it to float and move in water, facilitating research into the swimming dynamics of aquatic creatures. This project would contribute to advancements in both robotics and aquatic biomechanics research.^[11]^[12]^[30]^[18]	United States
1996			Honda introduces the P2 humanoid robot as part of its development project for creating ASIMO. Standing for Prototype Model 2, P2 represents a significant advancement in humanoid robotics, being the first self-regulating, bipedal humanoid robot. Standing over 6 feet tall, P2 is smaller than its predecessors and exhibited more human-like motions, marking a crucial step forward in Honda's pursuit of creating sophisticated humanoid robots.^[11]^[12]	Japan
1996			Honda unveils its P2 prototype, a humanoid robot that can walk, climb stairs and carry loads.^[18]
1996			At the Hannover Fair, KUKA unveils the world's first PC-based robot controller. This innovation allows for real-time movement of robots using a 6D mouse on an operator control device. The teach pendant introduces a Windows user interface, simplifying control and programming tasks and marking a significant advancement in the usability and functionality of robotic systems.^[36]	Germany
1996			German company KUKA launches the first PC-based robot control system. This innovation marks a significant advancement in robotics, leveraging the versatility and power of personal computers to enhance robot control and programming capabilities.^[24]	Germany
1997			The first RoboCup tournament is held in Japan with the ambitious goal of having a fully automated team of robots beat the world's best soccer team by 2050.^[10]^[11]	Japan
1997		Competition	The first RoboCup games are held in Nagoya, with three competition categories: computer simulation, small robots, and midsize robots.^[49]	Japan
1997			The robot rover Sojourner is launched to Mars. Originally expected to operate for a week, it exceeded expectations, exploring the planet for over three months before communication was lost. Sojourner collected environmental data, conducted scientific experiments, and transmitted results back to NASA. Its onboard computer enabled it to respond to unplanned events and obstacles with minimal data.^[9]
1997			NASA's Pathfinder mission successfully lands on Mars. The mission includes a wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which rolls down a ramp onto Martian soil in early July. Sojourner would continue to transmit data from the Martian surface until September, providing valuable images and information about Mars back to Earth.^[12]
1997			IBM's Deep Blue computer defeats chess champion Garry Kasparov, marking a landmark achievement in robotic AI's capacity to strategize and respond. This victory demonstrates the potential of artificial intelligence systems to excel in complex decision-making tasks traditionally reserved for human intellect. Deep Blue's success showcases the rapid progress in AI technology and its growing significance in challenging human expertise across various domains.^[9]
1997			Honda achieves a significant milestone in robotics with the creation of the P3, marking the second major advancement in the development of their humanoid robot, ASIMO. Unlike its predecessors, the P3 has the capability to operate independently, without the need for constant human control or guidance. This breakthrough in robotics technology paves the way for further advancements in the field, demonstrating the potential for autonomous robots to perform a wide range of tasks in various environments. Honda's ASIMO project would since continue to push the boundaries of robotics innovation, aiming to create humanoid robots capable of assisting humans in diverse scenarios, from household chores to complex industrial tasks.^[11]	Japan
1997		Competition	Federation of International Robot-soccer Association^[50]
1997			A significant development occurs with the emergence of computer programs known as "web bots." These programs gain widespread popularity and adoption across the internet for their capability to systematically explore and extract information from websites. Essentially, web bots act as automated agents, navigating through web pages, indexing content, and collecting data based on predefined criteria or user instructions. Their ability to delve into vast amounts of online information would revolutionize various fields, including web search, data mining, and market research. This marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of web technology, facilitating more efficient and comprehensive information retrieval on the burgeoning World Wide Web.^[18]
1998		Robot-assisted surgery	ZEUS is introduced commercially, starting the idea of telerobotics or telepresence surgery where the surgeon is at a distance from the robot on a console and operates on the patient.^[51]
1998			Sony initiates a program where researchers are supplied with programmable AIBOs (Artificial Intelligence Robots) for a novel competition category. This initiative aims to furnish teams with a consistent and dependable prebuilt hardware platform, facilitating software experimentation. By providing researchers with programmable AIBOs, Sony intendes to spur innovation and advancement in the field of robotics, leveraging the collective creativity and expertise of researchers to explore new possibilities and applications for artificial intelligence and robotics technology.^[19]
1998			LEGO launches its first Robotics Invention System. This groundbreaking system, known as the Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System (RIS), revolutionizes how kids could interact with robotics. It combines the classic LEGO building blocks with programmable components, allowing users to design, build, and code their own robots. The RIS marks the beginning of the long-running Lego Mindstorms series, which would continue to inspire young inventors and coders until today.^[10]
1998			MIT graduate student Cynthia Breazeal makes a significant contribution to the field of robotics with Kismet, an expressive robot head designed to be a pioneer in affective computing, allowing interaction with humans through the recognition and simulation of emotions. Breazeal's work with Kismet helps pave the way for the development of more socially interactive robots.^[10]^[52]	United States
1998			LEGO introduces the MINDSTORMS robotic development product line, revolutionizing the world of robotics education and hobbyist programming. This innovative system allows users to create customizable robots using a combination of modular components and LEGO plastic bricks. MINDSTORMS provide an accessible platform for learning about robotics, programming, and engineering principles in a hands-on and engaging way. This release marks a significant milestone in making robotics education and experimentation more accessible to the general public.^[11]^[18]
1998			Campbell Aird becomes the first recipient of the Edinburg Modular Arm System (EMAS), marking a significant milestone in the development of bionic prosthetics. This innovative bionic arm represents a breakthrough in prosthetic technology, offering enhanced functionality and modularity for users. The EMAS provides Aird with improved dexterity and control, significantly enhancing his quality of life. This achievement highlights the potential of bionic technology to revolutionize prosthetic limbs and paves the way for further advancements in the field of assistive devices.^[11]^[18]
1998			Güdel, a company based in Switzerland, introduces the "roboLoop" system, which is notable for being the sole curved-track gantry and transfer system available at the time. This innovation represents a significant advancement in automation and robotics, offering increased flexibility and efficiency in industrial applications. The curved-track design allows for more intricate and adaptable movement patterns, enabling robots to navigate complex paths with greater precision. The introduction of the "roboLoop" system marks a milestone in the evolution of automation technology, demonstrating the continuous drive towards enhancing manufacturing processes.^[24]
1998			Swedish company ABB develops the FlexPicker, recognized as the world's fastest picking robot. The FlexPicker is built upon the delta robot concept originally created by Reymond Clavel at the Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL). This innovative robotic system revolutionized the field of automation, particularly in industries requiring high-speed and precise picking and packaging operations. By leveraging the delta robot's design principles, the FlexPicker demonstrated remarkable agility and efficiency, setting new standards for productivity in manufacturing and assembly processes.^[24]
1998			Reis Robotics introduces the fifth generation of robot control systems, called ROBOTstar V. This system boasts one of the shortest interpolation cycle times among robot controls at the time of its launch. The term "interpolation cycle time" refers to the time taken by a control system to calculate and execute the movement path of a robot between two points. By reducing this cycle time, ROBOTstar V aims to enhance the speed and efficiency of robotic operations, making it a notable advancement in industrial robotics technology.^[24]
1999			Sony releases the first version of AIBO, a robotic dog designed to learn, entertain, and communicate with its owner. This marks a significant milestone in the development of consumer robotics, as AIBO showcases advanced capabilities for its time. Subsequent versions of AIBO would be introduced, each incorporating improvements and advancements in robotic technology. AIBO's release represents Sony's entry into the consumer robotics market, offering users a unique and interactive robotic companion.^[10] "Sony released the first Aibo robotic dog. "^[11]^[9]
1999			Mitsubishi develops a robot fish, inspired by an extinct species of fish. The intention behind this project is to recreate and study the behavior and characteristics of the extinct fish through a robotic counterpart. This endeavor likely aims to explore the evolutionary traits and adaptability of the fish species, offering insights into its ecological niche and potential applications in fields such as marine biology and robotics.^[11]	Japan
1999			Personal Robots introduces the Cye robot, developed by Probotics Inc. This robot is designed to undertake various household tasks, including delivering mail, transporting dishes, and vacuuming. The Cye robot aims to assist with domestic chores, offering convenience and efficiency to users in managing daily tasks within the home environment.^[11]^[53]
1999			Sony unveils Aibo, known as K9, the next generation. Aibo is one of the pioneering robots targeted at the consumer market. Equipped with sound-reactive features and preprogrammed behaviors, Aibo quickly gains popularity, selling out within just 20 minutes of its release. This marks a significant milestone in the integration of robotics into everyday life, showcasing the potential for robots to serve as interactive companions for consumers.^[18]	Japan
1999			Reis Robotics introduces integrated laser beam guiding within the robot arm, marking a notable advancement in robotic technology. This innovation allows for more precise and efficient operations, as the robots could now incorporate laser beam guidance directly into their arm structures. This development enhances the capabilities of robotic systems in various industries, including manufacturing, where precision and accuracy are crucial for tasks such as welding, cutting, and material handling.^[24]
1999			KUKA achieves a significant milestone by pioneering the first remote diagnosis capability for robots via the Internet. This innovation allows technicians and engineers to diagnose and troubleshoot robotic systems remotely, leveraging the power of internet connectivity. By enabling remote diagnosis, KUKA revolutionizes the maintenance and support process for robotic systems, reducing downtime and improving operational efficiency for their customers.^[24]^[36]	Germany
2000			Honda introduces ASIMO, an advanced humanoid robot, showcasing remarkable capabilities such as walking at a speed comparable to humans and serving trays to customers in a restaurant environment. ASIMO represents a significant leap forward in robotics, demonstrating advancements in artificial intelligence and mobility. Honda's debut of ASIMO marks a milestone in the development of humanoid robots, showcasing their potential for various applications, from assisting in everyday tasks to serving in commercial settings. ASIMO's unveiling signified Honda's commitment to innovation and its vision for integrating robotics into real-world scenarios.^[52]^[10]	Japan
2000			Sony introduces the Sony Dream Robots (SDR) at Robodex, showcasing advanced features such as the ability to recognize up to 10 different faces, express emotions through speech and body language, and navigate both flat and irregular surfaces. One of the notable models presented is QRIO, which exemplifies Sony's dedication to developing sophisticated humanoid robots capable of interacting with humans in various environments. The unveiling of SDR at Robodex highlights Sony's commitment to pushing the boundaries of robotics and artificial intelligence, with a focus on creating robots that could engage with users on an emotional level.^[11]	Japan
2000		Robot-assisted surgery	The da Vinci Surgical System obtains FDA approval for general laparscopic procedures and becomes the first operative surgical robot in the United States.^[54]	United States
2000	October		The United Nations estimates that there were 742,500 industrial robots in use globally. Notably, more than half of these robots are being utilized in Japan, highlighting the country's leading role in the adoption and integration of robotic technology in industrial applications.^[18]	Japan
2000–2010			Approximately 5.6 million manufacturing jobs are lost in the United States, 85% of them as a result of automation and technological change.^[53]
2001			MD Robotics of Canada constructs the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), also known as Canadarm 2. This advanced robotic arm is successfully launched and plays a pivotal role in the assembly and maintenance of the International Space Station (ISS). The SSRMS is an essential component, enabling the construction, repair, and movement of equipment and modules on the ISS.^[11]	Canada
2001			The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Global Hawk, the first autonomous flying robot, achieves a remarkable feat by making a 22-hour non-stop flight from California, crossing the Pacific Ocean and the Eurasian supercontinent, and landing in Edinburgh, Scotland. This demonstrates significant progress in autonomous flight technology.^[9]^[53]	United States
2001			LEGO releases the MINDSTORMS Ultimate Builder's Set, a significant expansion of its MINDSTORMS robotic development product line. This release offers enthusiasts and educators an extensive array of components and tools for building and programming sophisticated robots. The Ultimate Builder's Set includes advanced sensors, motors, and programmable bricks, empowering users to create more complex and versatile robotic creations. This expansion would further solidify LEGO's position as a leader in educational robotics, providing accessible and engaging tools for learning about robotics, programming, and engineering principles through hands-on experimentation and exploration.^[18]
2001			The Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), constructed by MD Robotics of Canada, is successfully launched into orbit. This robotic system commences operations aimed at completing the assembly of the International Space Station (ISS). The SSRMS would play a crucial role in handling various tasks and components during the construction phase of the ISS, showcasing the advancements in robotic technology utilized in space exploration endeavors.^[18]
2001	September		iRobot's Packbots are deployed to search through the debris of the World Trade Center following the September 11 terrorist attacks. These robots play a crucial role in locating survivors and assessing the extent of the damage. Subsequent versions of the Packbot robots would be utilized in conflict zones such as Afghanistan and Iraq, where they would be employed for various military and reconnaissance tasks, showcasing the evolution of robotic technology for both civilian and military purposes.^[11]	United States
2002			Honda introduces the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO), designed to serve as a personal assistant. ASIMO possesses advanced capabilities, including facial, voice, and name recognition of its owner. It can also read emails and stream video from its camera to a PC. This marks a significant milestone in the development of humanoid robotics, showcasing Honda's commitment to pushing the boundaries of robotic technology for practical applications in daily life.^[11]	Japan
2002			iRobot releases the first generation of Roomba robotic vacuum cleaners.^[11] By 2008, the Roomba would become immensely popular, with over 2.5 million units sold. This success demonstrates a significant demand for domestic robotic technology, highlighting the effectiveness and convenience of robotic vacuum cleaners in everyday household tasks.^[10]	United States
2003			As part of NASA's mission to explore Mars, the space agency launches twin robotic rovers named Spirit and Opportunity. Spirit is launched on June 10, followed by Opportunity on July 7. These rovers are designed to explore the Martian surface and conduct scientific experiments. On January 3rd and 24th of the same year, Spirit and Opportunity successfully land on Mars, marking significant milestones in the exploration of the red planet. These rovers surpass their expected operational lifetimes and would continue to operate, covering much greater distances than initially anticipated.^[11]^[12]	United States
2003			Seiko Epson Corporation unveils the Monsieur II-P, a prototype microrobot operated by the world's thinnest microactuator and controllable via Bluetooth. Following this, in November of the same year, Epson introduces the prototype micro-flying robot FR, featuring two ultrasonic motors for levitation and a linear actuator stabilizing mechanism. However, the FR's flying range is limited by a power cord. Aiming to extend the range by developing fully wireless operation with independent flight capability, Epson would achieve this with the FR-II, boasting Bluetooth wireless control, independent flight, and an image capture and transmission unit.^[55]^[18]	Japan
2003			The KUKA Robocoaster is introduced as a passenger-carrying robot and the world's first of its kind. Developed with the aim of transforming the amusement industry, this robot exemplifies the versatility inherent in industrial robot motions. Through its design and capabilities, the Robocoaster offers dynamic rides powered by industrial automation technology. With its features and potential applications, the KUKA Robocoaster represents a significant advancement in the integration of robotics into the realm of amusement parks and attractions.^[36]^[24]	Germany
2004		Competition	The ROBOlympics, held in San Francisco, California, marks the first international robot combat competition. This large-scale event (173 teams, 430 robots) attracts participation from 11 countries and serves as a significant stepping stone for future competitions, which would adopt the name "RoboGames" due to a trademark issue.^[56]^[57]	United States
2004	March 13	Competition	DARPA Grand Challenge launches as a driverless car competition in the Mojave Desert region of the United States.^[58]
2004		Competition	The World Robot Olympiad (WRO) debuts in Singapore, launching what would become a major STEM education event. This first-ever competition uses Lego Mindstorms kits and challenges students to design, build, and program robots to tackle specific tasks. Teams from multiple countries participate, igniting a global interest in robotics among young people.	Singapore
2004			Epson introduces the world's smallest known robot at the time, a helicopter measuring only 7 centimeters in height and weighing just 10 grams. This miniature robot, designed as a "flying camera," is intended for use during natural disasters. Its primary function is to provide aerial footage, which could be critical for assessing damage, locating survivors, and guiding rescue operations in disaster-stricken areas. The compact size and lightweight design makes it an innovative tool for emergency response teams, offering a new perspective and enhanced capabilities in challenging situations.^[10]	Japan
2004			Motoman, based in Japan, introduces the enhanced robot control system (NX100), enabling synchronized control of up to four robots with a total of 38 axes. This advancement marks a significant evolution in robotics technology, allowing for increased coordination and efficiency in industrial automation processes.^[24]	Japan
2005			Researchers at Cornell University build the first self-replicating robot. Each 'robot' consists of a small tower of computerized cubes that linked together using magnets.^[10]^[53]	United States
2005			Development begins on BEAR, a military robot designed for functions rather than humanoid appearance. BEAR features tank-like treads for movement and has proven effective in navigating rough terrain, carrying loads, and aiding in military operations.^[26]
2005			The Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) develops HUBO, which they claim to be the smartest mobile robot in the world. HUBO is linked to a computer via a high-speed wireless connection, with the computer performing all of the robot's processing and thinking tasks.^[11]	South Korea
2005			Cornell University creates self-replicating robots.^[11] These modular machines, each a connected set of identical cubes, can use electromagnets to construct a copy of themselves. While simple and focused solely on replication, this achievement by Hod Lipson's lab is a major step in robotics, demonstrating the possibility of self-replication in the physical world.	United States
2005			Honda introduces an updated version of ASIMO that has new behaviors and capabilities,^[12] including improved walking abilities and potentially new functionalities like dancing or navigating stairs.	Japan
2005		Robot-assisted surgery	A surgical technique is documented in canine and cadaveric models called the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the da Vinci robot surgical system as it is the only FDA-approved robot to perform head and neck surgery.^[59]^[60]	United States
2006			Cornell University researchers develop a four-legged robot named Starfish. This robot is notable for its ability to self-model, meaning it could create a virtual representation of itself. This capability enables Starfish to adapt its movements and learn to walk even after sustaining damage. This self-modeling and adaptive behavior marks a significant advancement in robotics, demonstrating the potential for robots to maintain functionality in dynamic and challenging environments.^[12]
2006	February	Robot as a service	The initial design and implementation of applying service-oriented computing in embedded systems and robots is presented in the 49th IFIP 10.4 Workgroups meeting.^[61]
2006			German industrial robot manufacturer Reis Robotics emerges as the market leader for photovoltaic module production lines, marking a significant milestone in the renewable energy industry. Their innovative systems, introduced for the first time that year, would revolutionize the production process for solar panels. By leveraging advanced robotics technology, Reis Robotics facilitates the mass production of photovoltaic modules, contributing to the growth of solar energy as a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources. This achievement underscores the pivotal role of automation in advancing clean energy technologies and addressing global environmental challenges.^[24]	Germany
2006			Japanese company Motoman introduces human-sized single-armed (7-axis) and dual-armed (13-axis) robots with all supply cables concealed within the robot arm. This innovation addresses a significant design challenge in robotics, improving aesthetics and safety while reducing the risk of cable damage or interference during operation. By integrating cables within the robot arm, Motoman enhances the versatility and reliability of their robots, making them more suitable for various industrial applications such as assembly, welding, and material handling.^[24]	Japan
2006			Italian company Comau introduces the first Wireless Teach Pendant (WiTP). This device revolutionizes robotics by eliminating the need for a physical connection between the operator and the robot controller during programming and operation. The WiTP provides greater flexibility and mobility to operators, allowing them to program and control robots from a distance without being tethered to a fixed location. This innovation enhances safety, efficiency, and ease of use in industrial robotics applications, contributing to the advancement of automation technology.^[24]
2007	August	Robot-assisted surgery	Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performs the first robotic-assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain.^[62]	United States
2007			KUKA introduced the first long-range robot and heavy-duty robot capable of handling payloads of up to 1,000 kg. This innovation represented a significant advancement in industrial robotics, enabling the automation of tasks requiring the manipulation of large and heavy objects across extended distances. KUKA's development expanded the capabilities of robotic systems in industries such as manufacturing, logistics, and automotive, where the efficient handling of substantial loads is essential for productivity and safety.^[24]	Germany
2007			Japanese company Motoman introduces super-speed arc welding robots, representing a significant advancement in welding technology. These robots are capable of reducing cycle times by up to 15%, making them the fastest welding robots available at the time. The introduction of these high-speed welding robots enhances productivity and efficiency in industries that rely on welding processes, such as automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding, and construction. Motoman's innovation demonstrates the continuous evolution of robotics in improving manufacturing processes and meeting the demands of modern industries.^[24]	Japan
2008	February	Robot-assisted surgery	Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital performs the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.^[63]	United States
2008	May 12	Robot-assisted surgery	The first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure is performed at University of Calgary by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the NeuroArm.^[64]^[65]	Canada
2008	June	Robot-assisted surgery	The German Aerospace Centre (DLR) presents a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the MiroSurge.^[66]	Germany
2008			Japanese robotics company FANUC introduces a new heavy-duty robot with an impressive payload capacity of nearly 1,200 kilograms. This release marks a significant advancement in industrial robotics, as the robot is capable of handling heavy loads with precision and efficiency. The introduction of such a high-capacity robot expands the possibilities for automation in industries requiring heavy lifting and manipulation tasks, such as automotive manufacturing, logistics, and material handling. ^[24]	Japan
2009			Canadian company Titan Meical Inc. announces its four-armed manipulator system, the Amadeus, later called SPORT.^[67]	Canada
2009			Japanese company Yaskawa Motoman unveils the enhanced robot control system known as the DX100. This innovative system represents a significant advancement in robotic control technology, offering fully synchronized control of up to eight robots with a total of 72 axes. Additionally, the DX100 system provides comprehensive integration with input/output (I/O) devices and communication protocols, enabling seamless coordination and communication between robots and external systems.^[24]	Japan
2010	September	Robot-assisted surgery	The Eindhoven University of Technology announces the development of the Sofie surgical system, the first surgical robot to employ force feedback.^[67]	Netherlands
2010	September	Robot-assisted surgery	A significant milestone is achieved in the field of robot-assisted surgery as the first robotic operation at the femoral vasculature took place at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana. Led by Borut Geršak and his team, this pioneering procedure marks a significant advancement in the application of robotic technology in surgical interventions, particularly in the domain of vascular surgery. The successful completion of this operation highlights the potential of robotic systems to enhance precision, dexterity, and minimally invasive techniques in surgical procedures, ultimately benefiting patient outcomes.^[68]^[69]	Slovenia
2011			Robonaut-2 becomes the first humanoid robot in space when it is launched to the International Space Station (ISS). Initially serving as a training tool for roboticists, it would undergo upgrades to assist astronauts in conducting hazardous spacewalks outside the station. This advancement demonstrates the potential for robots to undertake complex tasks in challenging environments beyond Earth. Robonaut-2's presence on the ISS highlights the collaborative efforts between humans and robots in space exploration, paving the way for future missions and innovations in space robotics.^[9]^[70]
2017			The robot Sophia makes headlines when it is granted Saudi Arabian citizenship, marking a significant milestone in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics. This event sparks discussions about the ethical implications of granting citizenship to AI entities, as well as the broader questions surrounding the rights and responsibilities associated with advanced autonomous systems.^[9]	Saudi Arabia
2017			RoboChef restaurant in Tehran, Iran becomes the first robotic and ‘waiterless’ restaurant of the Middle East.^[71]^[72]^[73]	Iran
2019			University of Pennsylvania researchers achieve a breakthrough, creating millions of nanobots within weeks using semiconductor technology. These nanobots, small enough for injection into the human body, can be remotely controlled. This pioneering development holds immense potential for medical applications, including targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive procedures. However, ethical considerations regarding safety, efficacy, and privacy arise.^[9]	United States
2024	June		Shoji Takeuchi, a professor at the University of Tokyo, achieves a breakthrough in bio-hybrid robotics by creating robots with artificial human-like skin that can smile. His team develops a method to attach this skin, mimicking human skin structures and ligaments, to complex robot surfaces using collagen gel and small perforations. This innovation allows the skin to flex and move naturally without tearing. Takeuchi aims to further enhance these robots with features like sweat glands and nerves, potentially advancing research in aging studies, cosmetics, and plastic surgery.^[74]	Japan
2025			Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by this year.	Japan
2030			According to a forecast, second-generation robots with trainable mouselike minds may become a reality by this time. This advancement suggests a significant leap in artificial intelligence and robotics, potentially allowing robots to learn and adapt to their environments in a manner akin to small mammals like mice. If realized, these trainable robots could offer enhanced capabilities for tasks ranging from household chores to complex industrial operations.^[19]
2040			By this time, computing power should make third-generation robots with monkeylike minds possible.^[19]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

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What the timeline is still missing

Event type: competition, statistics, consumer product launch
Categorization in one column by purpose: industrial, rescue, home appliance, medicine, exploration, research, education, etc
[1]
Crunchbase robotics companies
History of robots
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Mobile robot
Outline of robotics
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External links

References

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↑ Baek SJ, Kim SH (May 2014). "Robotics in general surgery: an evidence-based review". Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery. 7 (2): 117–23. PMID 24877247. doi:10.1111/ases.12087.
↑ ^52.0 ^52.1 "The History of Artificial Intelligence". harvard.edu. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
↑ ^53.0 ^53.1 ^53.2 ^53.3 Scharf, Rhonda. Alexa is Stealing Your Job: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Your Future.
↑ Sung GT, Gill IS (December 2001). "Robotic laparoscopic surgery: a comparison of the DA Vinci and Zeus systems". Urology. 58 (6): 893–8. PMID 11744453. doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01423-6.
↑ "World's Lightest Micro-Flying Robot Built by Epson". phys.org. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
↑ "RoboGames". ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
↑ "RoboGames Press". robogames.net. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
↑ "An Oral History of the Darpa Grand Challenge, the Grueling Robot Race That Launched the Self-Driving Car". wired.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
↑ Oliveira CM, Nguyen HT, Ferraz AR, Watters K, Rosman B, Rahbar R (2012). "Robotic surgery in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery: a review". Minimally Invasive Surgery. 2012: 286563. PMC 3337488. PMID 22567225. doi:10.1155/2012/286563.
↑ Weinstein GS, O'malley BW, Hockstein NG (July 2005). "Transoral robotic surgery: supraglottic laryngectomy in a canine model". The Laryngoscope. 115 (7): 1315–9. PMID 15995528. doi:10.1097/01.MLG.0000170848.76045.47.
↑ Yinong Chen, "Service-Oriented Computing in Recomposable Embedded Systems", Joint IARP/IEEE-RAS/EURON/IFIP 10.4 Workshop on Dependability in Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Tucson, AZ, February 15–19, 2006, http://webhost.laas.fr/TSF/IFIPWG/Workshops&Meetings/49/workshop/04%20chen.pdf
↑ Parekattil S. "Robotic Infertility". Retrieved 11 October 2012.
↑ "Surgeons perform world's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction". Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
↑ "neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first". ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
↑ "neuroArm". neuroarm.org. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
↑ Hagn U, Nickl M, Jörg S, Tobergte A, Kübler B, Passig G, et al. (2008). "DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics". Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC. 7: 143–146.
↑ ^67.0 ^67.1 Human-Computer Interaction: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (Management Association, Information Resource ed.).
↑ "V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju" [The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature] (in Slovenian). 8 November 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
↑ "UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine" [UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations] (in Slovenian). 30 March 2011.
↑ Holden, Henry M. The Coolest Job in the Universe: Working Aboard the International Space Station.
↑ Staff, IFP Editorial (2017-10-29). "Middle East's First Robotic Restaurant Opens in Tehran". IFP News. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ "PressTV-Tehran eatery serves meals by robots". presstv.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ "Interactive Restaurants Making Their Mark". Financial Tribune. 2017-08-13. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ "Robots con piel humana: el avance de Shoji Takeuchi que logra hacer sonreír a los humanoides". Cadena SER. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.

[1] "The history of industrial robots, from single taskmaster to self-teacher". autodesk.com. Retrieved 18 June 2024.

[encyclopedia.come-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "A Brief History of Robotics since 1950". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

[assemblymag.com-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "GM Centennial: Manufacturing Innovation". assemblymag.com. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

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[robotics.orgu-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 "The History of Robotics in the Automotive Industry". robotics.org. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[autodesk.com-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "The history of industrial robots, from single taskmaster to self-teacher". autodesk.com. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

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[learn.g2.com-9] 9.00 ^9.01 ^9.02 ^9.03 ^9.04 ^9.05 ^9.06 ^9.07 ^9.08 ^9.09 ^9.10 ^9.11 ^9.12 ^9.13 ^9.14 ^9.15 ^9.16 ^9.17 ^9.18 ^9.19 ^9.20 ^9.21 ^9.22 ^9.23 ^9.24 ^9.25 ^9.26 ^9.27 ^9.28 ^9.29 ^9.30 ^9.31 ^9.32 ^9.33 "An Exhaustive History of Robotics". learn.g2.com. Retrieved 14 February 2020.

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[Ranadive-16] Mehta, Dhaval; Ranadive, Dr Amol (31 January 2021). What Gamers Want: A Framework to Predict Gaming Habits. OrangeBooks Publication.

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[54] Sung GT, Gill IS (December 2001). "Robotic laparoscopic surgery: a comparison of the DA Vinci and Zeus systems". Urology. 58 (6): 893–8. PMID 11744453. doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01423-6.

[55] "World's Lightest Micro-Flying Robot Built by Epson". phys.org. Retrieved 10 June 2024.

[56] "RoboGames". ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 8 March 2020.

[57] "RoboGames Press". robogames.net. Retrieved 18 June 2024.

[58] "An Oral History of the Darpa Grand Challenge, the Grueling Robot Race That Launched the Self-Driving Car". wired.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

[59] Oliveira CM, Nguyen HT, Ferraz AR, Watters K, Rosman B, Rahbar R (2012). "Robotic surgery in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery: a review". Minimally Invasive Surgery. 2012: 286563. PMC 3337488. PMID 22567225. doi:10.1155/2012/286563.

[:2-60] Weinstein GS, O'malley BW, Hockstein NG (July 2005). "Transoral robotic surgery: supraglottic laryngectomy in a canine model". The Laryngoscope. 115 (7): 1315–9. PMID 15995528. doi:10.1097/01.MLG.0000170848.76045.47.

[61] Yinong Chen, "Service-Oriented Computing in Recomposable Embedded Systems", Joint IARP/IEEE-RAS/EURON/IFIP 10.4 Workshop on Dependability in Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Tucson, AZ, February 15–19, 2006, http://webhost.laas.fr/TSF/IFIPWG/Workshops&Meetings/49/workshop/04%20chen.pdf

[62] Parekattil S. "Robotic Infertility". Retrieved 11 October 2012.

[63] "Surgeons perform world's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction". Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2011.

[64] "neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first". ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[65] "neuroArm". neuroarm.org. Retrieved 27 February 2020.

[66] Hagn U, Nickl M, Jörg S, Tobergte A, Kübler B, Passig G, et al. (2008). "DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics". Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC. 7: 143–146.

[Human-Computer_Interaction-67] 67.0 ^67.1 Human-Computer Interaction: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (Management Association, Information Resource ed.).

[FV_robo1-68] "V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju" [The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature] (in Slovenian). 8 November 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2011.

[FV_robo2-69] "UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine" [UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations] (in Slovenian). 30 March 2011.

[70] Holden, Henry M. The Coolest Job in the Universe: Working Aboard the International Space Station.

[71] Staff, IFP Editorial (2017-10-29). "Middle East's First Robotic Restaurant Opens in Tehran". IFP News. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[72] "PressTV-Tehran eatery serves meals by robots". presstv.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[73] "Interactive Restaurants Making Their Mark". Financial Tribune. 2017-08-13. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

[74] "Robots con piel humana: el avance de Shoji Takeuchi que logra hacer sonreír a los humanoides". Cadena SER. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.

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@@ Line 556: / Line 556: @@
 | 2019 || || || University of Pennsylvania researchers achieve a breakthrough, creating millions of nanobots within weeks using semiconductor technology. These nanobots, small enough for injection into the human body, can be remotely controlled. This pioneering development holds immense potential for medical applications, including targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive procedures. However, ethical considerations regarding safety, efficacy, and privacy arise.<ref name="learn.g2.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2024 || June || || Shoji Takeuchi, a professor at the University of Tokyo, achieves a breakthrough in bio-hybrid robotics by creating robots with artificial human-like skin that can smile. His team develops a method to attach this skin, mimicking human skin structures and ligaments, to complex robot surfaces using collagen gel and small perforations. This innovation allows the skin to flex and move naturally without tearing. Takeuchi aims to further enhance these robots with features like sweat glands and nerves, potentially advancing research in aging studies, cosmetics, and plastic surgery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robots con piel humana: el avance de Shoji Takeuchi que logra hacer sonreír a los humanoides |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2024/06/25/robots-con-piel-humana-el-avance-de-shoji-takeuchi-que-logra-hacer-sonreir-a-los-humanoides-cadena-ser/ |website=Cadena SER |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>
+| 2024 || June || || Shoji Takeuchi, a professor at the {{w|University of Tokyo}}, achieves a breakthrough in bio-hybrid robotics by creating robots with artificial human-like skin that can smile. His team develops a method to attach this skin, mimicking human skin structures and ligaments, to complex robot surfaces using collagen gel and small perforations. This innovation allows the skin to flex and move naturally without tearing. Takeuchi aims to further enhance these robots with features like sweat glands and nerves, potentially advancing research in aging studies, cosmetics, and plastic surgery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robots con piel humana: el avance de Shoji Takeuchi que logra hacer sonreír a los humanoides |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2024/06/25/robots-con-piel-humana-el-avance-de-shoji-takeuchi-que-logra-hacer-sonreir-a-los-humanoides-cadena-ser/ |website=Cadena SER |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
 | 2025 || || || Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by this year. || {{w|Japan}}

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