Difference between revisions of "Timeline of hospitals"

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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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== Numerical and visual data  ==
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=== Google Scholar ===
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The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 10, 2021.
 +
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{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! hospital
 +
! tertiary care hospital
 +
! hospital environment
 +
! hospital anxiety
 +
! hospital acquired infections
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 199,000 || 866 || 15,700 || 6,570 || 2,640
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 290,000 || 1,510 || 19,900 || 9,370 || 5,000
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 430,000 || 2,470 || 36,400 || 13,100 || 7,420
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 700,000 || 5,110 || 68,200 || 19,500 || 9,950
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 1,190,000 || 10,300 || 150,000 || 40,000 || 16,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 1,310,000 || 12,500 || 180,000 || 49,200 || 18,500
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 1,460,000 || 16,600 || 223,000 || 57,600 || 23,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 1,530,000 || 22,800 || 274,000 || 68,900 || 29,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 1,650,000 || 31,200 || 315,000 || 82,900 || 37,400
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 1,710,000 || 43,600 || 383,000 || 94,100 || 48,800
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 1,700,000 || 64,800 || 436,000 || 110,000 || 62,900 
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 1,500,000 || 80,300 || 408,000 || 110,000 || 68,600 
 +
|-
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| 2016 || 1,020,000 || 84,000 || 338,000 || 104,000 || 69,200 
 +
|-
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| 2017 || 900,000 || 85,600 || 327,000 || 91,100 || 68,500 
 +
|-
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| 2018 || 642,000 || 72,400 || 240,000 || 84,100 || 65,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 371,000 || 66,300 || 154,000 || 67,000 || 58,700 
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 246,000 || 65,100 || 131,000 || 58,800 || 55,700
 +
|-
 +
|}
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[[File:Hospital Tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
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=== Google Trends ===
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The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Hospitals (Search Term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=hospitals |website=Google Trends |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Hospitals gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
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=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
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The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Hospitals from 1500 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Hospitals&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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[[File:Hospitals ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
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=== Wikipedia Views ===
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The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Hospitals}} on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospitals |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Hospitals&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:HOSPITALS wv.png|thumb|center|400px]]
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
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==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[wikipedia:History of hospitals|History of hospitals]]
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* [[wikipedia:Timeline of nursing history|Timeline of nursing history]]
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* [[Timeline of nursing]]
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* [[wikipedia:Timeline of medicine and medical technology|Timeline of medicine and medical technology]]
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* [[Timeline of palliative care]]
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* [[Timeline of the National Institutes of Health]]
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* [[Timeline of global health]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:29, 27 July 2023

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of hospitals". The original page still exists at Timeline of hospitals. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This is a timeline of hospitals, attempting to describe major events in the evolution of the institution.

Big picture

Year/period Key developments
Ancient times In ancient cultures, religion and medicine are linked. Ancient Egyptian temples are the earliest documented institutions aiming to provide healthcare. In ancient Greece, temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius, known as Asclepieia, function as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.[1][2] Around 100 BCE, the Romans construct buildings called valetudinaria for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers.[3] Healthcare facilities also appear early in India.
Middle Ages From the 6th to the 10th century, in Europe, the infirmary becomes an established part of every monastery under the influence of the Benedictine Order. Beyond the 10th century, monastic infirmaries continue to expand, and public hospitals are also opened. City authorities, the church and private sources finance these facilities.[4] The primary function of medieval hospitals is to worship to God. Most hospitals contain one chapel, at least one clergyman, and inmates that are expected to help with prayer.[5][6] Many hospitals were developed during the early Islamic era. The idea of the hospital as a place for the care of sick people is taken from the early Caliphs.[7]
18th century The voluntary hospital movement begins in some parts of Europe.[8] The earliest contemporary hospitals begin to appear in China in the form of missionary hospitals run by western churches.[9]
19th century Hospitals and the medical profession become more professionalized, with a reorganization of hospital management along more bureaucratic and administrative lines. By the end of the century, the modern hospital begins to take shape with a proliferation of a variety of public and private hospital systems.[10]
20th century Middle-class patients enter the hospitals. Outpatient departments expand. Technological transformation of hospitals accelerate.[11]
1950s The role of hospitals evolves to centered health systems. Large hospitals start to be built.[11] Computer technology in medicine begins with the rise of the computers.[12]
1970s District general hospitals rise as local, secondary and tertiary hospitals.[11]
1980s Magnetic resonance imaging is introduced.
1990s Acute care hospitals (active short-stay care) and ambulatory surgery centers (expansion of both day admissions and minimally invasive surgery) consolidate.[11]
2000s Computing is generalized in hospitals. Robotics start to develop. Modern private hospitals begin to appear in some developing countries.[13]


Full timeline

Year/period Type of event Event Location
437 BC – 367 BC Organization King Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka has lying-in-homes and Ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.[14][15] Sri Lanka
230 BC Organization Indian emperor Ashoka establishes a chain of hospitals.[13] Hindustan (India)
100 BC Organization The Romans establish hospitals (valetudinaria) for the treatment of their sick and injured soldiers, gladiators and chariotors. The care of their military is important because the power of ancient Rome is based upon the integrity of the legions.[13] Roman Empire
397 Organization Fabiola founds the first Christian hospital in Latin Christendom.[16] Rome
500 Organization The Academy of Gundishapur is founded. It is considered to be the first teaching hospital on record, where students are authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education.[17] Persia (Iran)
705 Organization The first Islamic psychiatric hospital is founded in Baghdad.[18] Iraq
707 Organization The first prominent Islamic hospital is founded with assistance from Christians.[19][20] Damascus, Syria
872 Organization Egyptian governor Ahmad ibn Tulun builds a hospital in that provides care to the insane, which includes music therapy.[21][22] Cairo
1065 Development The first hospices are believed to have originated around this time. In this movement is where palliative care begins.[23][24] Europe
1080 Organization Hospital of St. John is founded by a group of monks.[25] Jerusalem
1377 Organization Bedlam is founded as an asylum for lunatics.[26] London
1423 Organization The first permanent pest house in Europe is founded.[27] Venice, Italy
1487 Development Ambulances are first used for emergency transport.[28] Spain
1519 Organization Hospital San Nicolás de Bari is the first hospital founded in the Americas, under Spanish rule.[29] Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
1524 Organization The first hospital in North America is built by Hernán Cortés.[13] Mexico City, Mexico
1633 Organization Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul is founded as a society of young women who share their dedication of helping the poor and the sick.[30] France
1664 Organization The Madras General Hospital is the first western hospital opened in India. It is originally aimed at serving sick soldiers of the British East India Company.[31] India
1718 Organization Huguenots of France establish a hospital in England.[13] United Kingdom
1726 Organization University of Edinburgh Medical School is established.[32] Edinburgh, Scotland
1794 Organization The Glasgow Royal Infirmary is founded. It is the first hospital to have systematic training courses for nurses and the first hospital known to have an X-ray unit.[33] Glasgow, Scotland
1804 Organization Moorfields Eye Hospital is founded. It is the first center in the world for ophthalmic treatment.[34] London, United Kingdom
1815 Policy Apothecaries Act 1815 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act introduces compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries, in modern terms general practitioners, under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. It is the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in Great Britain. The Act requires instruction in anatomy, botany, chemistry, materia medica and "physic", in addition to six months of practical hospital experience.[35] United Kingdom
1833 Organization First homeopathic hospital opens.[36] Leipzig, Germany
1847 Policy Hungarian obstetrician Ignaz Semmelweis working at a Vienna maternity hospital, institutes mandatory hand-washing after hypothesizing that medical students were infecting patients. After the new procedure, infection rates drop dramatically.[37] Vienna, Austria
1851 Organization The largest lunatic asylum in Europe is founded.[38] London, England
1851 Organization The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust is founded. It is the first hospital in the world dedicated to the study and treatment of cancer.[39] London, United Kingdom
1853–1856 Organization The first hospital train is built during the Crimean War.[40]
1859 Organization First cottage hospital (a small rural building having several beds) is founded.[41] Surrey, England
1859 Organization The National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic (today National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery) is founded. It is the first hospital in the world specializing in outpatient epilepsy care.[42] London, United Kingdom
1867 Organization The first outpatient clinic is established at the Philadelphia Hospital, for orthopedics.[43] United States
1883–1911 Policy The first healthcare system of modern history launches, starting with policies of the introduced Otto von Bismarck's social legislation.[44] Germany
1889 Organization Johns Hopkins Hospital is founded. Major accomplishments here include the development of HeLa, by George Otto Gey, head of tissue culture research in 1951;[45] the first and arguably most important line of human cells grown in culture; the identification of the three types of polio virus; and the first "blue baby" operation.[46] Baltimore, Maryland, United States
1890 Development American surgeon William Stewart Halsted introduces the use of surgical gloves to the practice of medicine.[47]
1895 Development The first surgery on the heart itself is performed at Rikshospitalet.[48] Oslo, Norway
1899 Technology launch The first motor powered (electric) ambulance enters service in Chicago, Illinois at the Michael Reese Hospital.[28] United States
1909 Development Pediatric ambulatory anesthesia is first reported.[49]
1911 Organization The first specialized trauma care center in the world is opened at the University of Louisville Hospital.[50] Louisville, Kentucky, United States
1922 Development Hospitals start to group newborn infants into one specific area, today called neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).[51]
1940 Development First use of the wonder drug Penicillin on a large scale takes place at RAF Hospital Halton.[52] United Kingdom
1948 Policy Park Hospital (now Trafford General Hospital) becomes the first hospital in the world to offer free healthcare to all.[53] Trafford, United Kingdom
1949 Organization The first hospital of traditional Chinese medicine is established.[54] Baoding, China
1950 Development Austrian anesthesiologist Peter Safar establishes the concept of "Advanced Support of Life", keeping patients sedated and ventilated in an intensive care environment. Safar is considered to be the first practitioner of intensive care medicine as a specialty, having started the first multidisciplinary critical care medicine fellowship program in the world.[55]
1952 Development Ambulances begin to be restructured to become mobile hospitals rather than just vehicles for transporting patients.[28]
1960–1964 Technology launch Continuous cardiac monitoring (CCM) is first introduced in hospitals for heart rate and rhythm monitoring in coronary intensive care units.[56]
1966 Development Provision of pre-hospital cardiac care by physicians is launched as an experiment for improving care.[57] Belfast, Northern Ireland
1966 Technology launch Duke University Hospital, under program Med-Aid (short for Medical Assistance for Isolated Doctors), becomes the first medical center in the world to offer radio consultation with physicians in developing countries.[58] Durham, North Carolina, United States
1968 Technology launch The first hospital information system is developed.[59] United States
1968 Organization The first Traditional Tibetan medicine hospital in Bhutan is established.[60] Thimphu, Bhutan
1974 Organization The Hamlin Fistula Hospital is founded is founded by Australian obstetrician Catherine Hamlin. It is the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of fistula in the world and the only place where fistula injuries could be treated in Ethiopia.[61] Ethiopia (Addis Ababa)
1988 Technology launch Routine newborn hearing screening with otoacoustic emission (OAE) is first introduced, at Whipps Cross University Hospital.[62] London, United Kingdom
1996 Organization Fortis Memorial Research Institute is founded. It is the first hospital in the world to offer digital broadband MRI imaging.[63] New Delhi, India
1999 Technology launch eHealth, a relatively recent term for healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication, starts to develop.[64]
2000 Organization The first Ayurvedic hospital outside India is founded.[65] London, United Kingdom
2001 Technology launch Lindbergh operation, the first complete tele-surgical operation, is carried out by a team of surgeons located in New York City on a patient at Strasbourg Civil Hospital.[66] United States, France
2003 Technology launch University of Maryland Medical Center first employs robots to deliver medications from the satellite pharmacies to the patient care units.[67] Baltimore, Maryland, United States
2010 Technology launch Canopy is launched as a language translation software used primarily by hospitals and clinics to communicate with limited English proficiency people (LEP's) or non-English speaking patients. The project is funded by the National Institutes of Health.[68]
2012 Technology launch Palomar Medical Center is founded. It is the first hospital to use wireless wrist band, a device is capable of transmitting vital signs from the patient into the hospital system.[69] Escondido, California, United States
2015 Technology launch Kuopio University Hospital introduces Ascom Myco, a smartphone specially designed for mission-critical communications in hospitals and healthcare environments.[70] Kuopio, Finland

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 10, 2021.

Year hospital tertiary care hospital hospital environment hospital anxiety hospital acquired infections
1980 199,000 866 15,700 6,570 2,640
1985 290,000 1,510 19,900 9,370 5,000
1990 430,000 2,470 36,400 13,100 7,420
1995 700,000 5,110 68,200 19,500 9,950
2000 1,190,000 10,300 150,000 40,000 16,600
2002 1,310,000 12,500 180,000 49,200 18,500
2004 1,460,000 16,600 223,000 57,600 23,700
2006 1,530,000 22,800 274,000 68,900 29,000
2008 1,650,000 31,200 315,000 82,900 37,400
2010 1,710,000 43,600 383,000 94,100 48,800
2012 1,700,000 64,800 436,000 110,000 62,900
2014 1,500,000 80,300 408,000 110,000 68,600
2016 1,020,000 84,000 338,000 104,000 69,200
2017 900,000 85,600 327,000 91,100 68,500
2018 642,000 72,400 240,000 84,100 65,000
2019 371,000 66,300 154,000 67,000 58,700
2020 246,000 65,100 131,000 58,800 55,700
Hospital Tb.png

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Hospitals (Search Term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[71]

Hospitals gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Hospitals from 1500 to 2019.[72]

Hospitals ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Hospitals on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.[73]

HOSPITALS wv.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

References

  1. ↑ Risse, G.B. Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals. Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 56 Books.Google.com
  2. ↑ Martin, Sean. A Short History of Disease: From the Black Death to Ebola. 
  3. ↑ The Roman military Valetudinaria: fact or fiction University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunday 20 December 1998
  4. ↑ Cilliers, L; Retief, FP. "The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages.". Curationis. 25: 60–6. PMID 14509111. 
  5. ↑ Orme, Nicholas; Webster, Margaret (1995). The English Hospital. Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-300-06058-0. 
  6. ↑ Bowers, Barbara S. (2007). The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-7546-5110-9. 
  7. ↑ Nagamia, Hussain (October 2003). "Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 2 (4): 19–30. Retrieved 1 December 2011. 
  8. ↑ "The eighteenth century voluntary hospital movement" (PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2016. 
  9. ↑ "Historical Evolution of Chinese Healthcare System: a brief overview". Retrieved 23 September 2016. 
  10. ↑ Porter, Roy (1999) [1997]. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 316–17. ISBN 978-0-393-31980-4. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Historical evolution of hospitals" (PDF). Retrieved 19 September 2016. 
  12. ↑ "The History of Health Informatics". Health Informatics, Nursing Informatics and Health Information Management Degrees. University of Illinois at Chicago. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 "Evolution of Hospitals and its Management". Retrieved 15 September 2016. 
  14. ↑ Arjuna Aluvihare (November 1993). "Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo". Vidhusara Science Magazine. 
  15. ↑ Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P.; De Mel, Nishan (February 1997). "Resource Mobilization in Sri Lanka's Health Sector" (PDF). Harvard School of Public Health & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies. p. 19. Retrieved 24 September 2016. 
  16. ↑ Davies, Gill. The Illustrated Timeline of Medicine. Retrieved 20 November 2016. 
  17. ↑ Ponnusamy,, R.; Pandurangan, J. A Hand Book on UNIVERSITY SYSTEM. 
  18. ↑ "A Brief History of Psychiatry". Retrieved 22 September 2016. 
  19. ↑ Ayduz, Salim; Kalin, Ibrahim; Dagli, Caner. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. 
  20. ↑ Guenter B. Risse, Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals, (Oxford University Press, 1999), p.125 [1]
  21. ↑ "Hospitals". Retrieved 20 November 2016. 
  22. ↑ Koenig, Harold George (2005). Faith and mental health: religious resources for healing. Templeton Foundation Press. ISBN 1-932031-91-X. 
  23. ↑ Andrews, Sudhir. Hotel Front Office: A Training Manual. 
  24. ↑ Medicine. 
  25. ↑ "Hospital saint john". Retrieved 22 September 2016. 
  26. ↑ Quarmby, Katharine. Scapegoat. 
  27. ↑ "Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics". 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "The History of Ambulances". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  29. ↑ "San Nicolás de Bari fue el primer hospital de América". Retrieved 21 September 2016. 
  30. ↑ "Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul". Retrieved 22 September 2016. 
  31. ↑ Mushtaq, Muhammad Umair (2009). "Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India". Indian J Community Med. 34: 6–14. PMC 2763662Freely accessible. PMID 19876448. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.45369. 
  32. ↑ Margaret R. O’Leary. Dr. Thomas Addison 1795-1860: Agitating the Whole Medical World. 
  33. ↑ "Iconic Glasgow Royal Infirmary commemorates medical block centerary". Retrieved 21 September 2016. 
  34. ↑ "Moorfields". Retrieved 16 September 2016. 
  35. ↑ Porter, Roy (1999) [1997]. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 316–317. ISBN 978-0-393-31980-4. 
  36. ↑ "History of Homeopathy". Retrieved 25 September 2016. 
  37. ↑ "Dr. Semmelweis" (PDF). Retrieved 19 September 2016. 
  38. ↑ Elder, Ruth; Evans,, Katie; Nizette, Debra. Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing. 
  39. ↑ "The Royal Marsden". Retrieved 16 September 2016. 
  40. ↑ Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine. 
  41. ↑ Crossan, Rose-Marie. Poverty and Welfare in Guernsey, 1560-2015. 
  42. ↑ Shorvon, Simon; Perucca, Emilio; Engel, Jerome. The Treatment of Epilepsy. 
  43. ↑ "psychiatry". Retrieved 23 September 2016. 
  44. ↑ "Social health insurance" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2016. 
  45. ↑ Rebecca Skloot (2 February 2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-58938-5. Retrieved 9 April 2013. 
  46. ↑ "The History of Johns Hopkins Medicine". Retrieved 21 November 2016. 
  47. ↑ Porter, R (2001). The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 376. ISBN 0-521-00252-4. 
  48. ↑ "Cardio & Heart Surgery". Retrieved 16 September 2016. 
  49. ↑ Healy, EJ; Knight, Paul R. Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition. 
  50. ↑ "Warning: Nurses experience violence in this emergency department". Retrieved 23 September 2016. 
  51. ↑ "Neonatal Intensive Care Unit". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  52. ↑ "RAF Hospital Halton". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  53. ↑ "Trafford General: where it all began". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  54. ↑ "Baoding First Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine". Retrieved 25 September 2016. 
  55. ↑ "Pioneer of Critical Care Medicine: Peter Safar (1924–2003)". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  56. ↑ "When Should Hospitalists Order Continuous Cardiac Monitoring?". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  57. ↑ Pantridge, JF; Wilson, C (1996). "A history of prehospital coronary care" (PDF). Ulster Med J. 65: 68–73. PMC 2448738Freely accessible. PMID 8686105. 
  58. ↑ "Project MED-AID". Retrieved 15 September 2016. 
  59. ↑ "A History of Health Care Software Solutions". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  60. ↑ "Traditional steam treatment popular". Retrieved 25 September 2016. 
  61. ↑ "International Day to End Obstetric Fistula". http://ethiopiaid.org.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2017.  External link in |website= (help)
  62. ↑ "Hearing Screening". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  63. ↑ "30 Most Technologically Advanced Hospitals in the World". Retrieved 19 September 2016. 
  64. ↑ Della Mea, Vincenzo (2001). "What is e-Health (2): The death of telemedicine?". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 3 (2): e22. PMC 1761900Freely accessible. PMID 11720964. doi:10.2196/jmir.3.2.e22. Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  65. ↑ "Hospital offers ancient healing". BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2016. 
  66. ↑ "Surgeons in U.S. Perform Operation in France Via Robot". National Geographic. Retrieved 22 September 2016. 
  67. ↑ "UMMC". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  68. ↑ "App breaks down language barriers for patients, doctors". Retrieved 16 September 2016. 
  69. ↑ "Palomar Medical Center Named Top Technologically Advanced Hospital In The World". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  70. ↑ "Finnish Hospital Becomes First in World to Adopt Ascom Myco Healthcare Smartphones". Retrieved 20 September 2016. 
  71. ↑ "Hospitals". Google Trends. Retrieved 26 February 2021. 
  72. ↑ "Hospitals". books.google.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021. 
  73. ↑ "Hospitals". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 24 February 2021. 

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